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British Medical Journal (Clinical... Feb 1988Biopsy samples from 27 patients referred to a colposcopy clinic in Glasgow for cervical abnormalities were assessed for the relations among colposcopic appearances,...
Histological and cytological evidence of viral infection and human papillomavirus type 16 DNA sequences in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and normal tissue in the west of Scotland: evaluation of treatment policy.
Biopsy samples from 27 patients referred to a colposcopy clinic in Glasgow for cervical abnormalities were assessed for the relations among colposcopic appearances, cytological and histological diagnosis, expression of papillomavirus antigen, and the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences. Specimens were from colposcopically abnormal areas of the transformation zone and from colposcopically apparently normal areas of the zone in the same patients (paired matched internal control tissue). All 27 women referred for abnormal smears had colposcopic abnormalities. HPV-16 or 18 DNA sequences were detected in 20 of the 27 colposcopically abnormal biopsy samples and 13 of the 27 paired normal samples. Twelve samples of colposcopically normal tissue contained histological evidence of viral infection but only four of these contained HPV DNA sequences. The other nine samples of colposcopically normal tissue which contained HPV DNA sequences were, however, histologically apparently normal. HPV-6 and 11 were not detected. Integration of the HPV-16 genome into the host chromosome was indicated in both cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and control tissues. In two thirds of the HPV DNA positive samples the histological grade was classed as normal, viral atypia, or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1. Papillomavirus antigen was detected in only six of the abnormal and three of the normal biopsy samples, and HPV DNA was detected in all of these. The detection of HPV DNA correlates well with a combination of histological and cytological evidence of viral infection (20 of 22 cases in this series). A poor correlation between the site on the cervix of histologically confirmed colposcopic abnormality and the presence of HPV DNA sequences implies that a cofactor other than HPV is required for preneoplastic disease to develop. A separate study in two further sets of biopsy samples examined the state of HPV DNA alone. The sets were (a) 43 samples from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and nine external controls and (b) 155 samples from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer, vulval intraepithelial neoplasia, and vulval cancer and external controls. HPV-11 was found in only two (4.7%) of the 43 specimens from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, whereas HPV-16 was found in 90 (58%) of the other 155 specimens. These results also suggest that HPV subtype is subject to geographical location rather than being an indicator of severity of the lesion or of prognosis.
Topics: Antigens, Viral; Autoradiography; Base Sequence; Cervix Uteri; DNA, Neoplasm; DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Papillomaviridae; Tumor Virus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 2830935
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.296.6619.381 -
Medicina 2020Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva may develop in association or independently of HPV infection. The relationship between pathogenesis, classification,...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva may develop in association or independently of HPV infection. The relationship between pathogenesis, classification, immunohistochemical profile and prognosis has been studied in the literature with some discrepancies. The aim of this study was to observe the classical association of keratinizing carcinomas with the absence of HPV infection and warty and basaloid carcinomas with the presence of this virus. Therefore, we reviewed the clinic, morphology, and immunophenotype of 39 cases. The tumors were histologically classified into classic keratinizing squamous carcinoma (30), warty (5) and basaloid (4). In the statistical analysis, diffuse expression with p16 was significantly associated with younger age (p = 0.0025), presence of high-grade intraepithelial lesion (p < 0.0001), koilocytosis (p = 0.02), and morphological subtype (p = 0.02), and was inversely associated with the expression of p53 (p < 0.0001) and the presence of lichen sclerosus (p = 0.0051). It is curious that 4 keratinizing carcinomas of the cases studied presented coexpression of p16 and p53. Only one warty tumor was negative for p16 and positive for p53, and 9 keratinizing tumors were positive for p16 and negative for p53. Although these findings show that the use of hematoxylin and eosin could correctly define tumors associated with HPV, we strongly suggest the performance of immunohistochemistry, especially in squamous keratinizing classic carcinomas in young patients with a history of HPV.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Vulvar Neoplasms; Warts
PubMed: 32282317
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Virology Jan 2019Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a common sexually transmitted infection with a highly variable clinical course. Many infections quickly become subclinical, with...
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a common sexually transmitted infection with a highly variable clinical course. Many infections quickly become subclinical, with episodes of spontaneous virus reactivation. To study host-HSV-2 interactions, an animal model of subclinical HSV-2 infection is needed. In an effort to develop a relevant model, rhesus macaques (RM) were inoculated intravaginally with two or three HSV-2 strains (186, 333, and/or G) at a total dose of 1 × 10 PFU of HSV-2 per animal. Infectious HSV-2 and HSV-2 DNA were consistently shed in vaginal swabs for the first 7 to 14 days after each inoculation. Proteins associated with wound healing, innate immunity, and inflammation were significantly increased in cervical secretions immediately after HSV-2 inoculation. There was histologic evidence of acute herpesvirus pathology, including acantholysis in the squamous epithelium and ballooning degeneration of and intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells, with HSV antigen in mucosal epithelial cells and keratinocytes. Further, an intense inflammatory infiltrate was found in the cervix and vulva. Evidence of latent infection and reactivation was demonstrated by the detection of spontaneous HSV-2 shedding post-acute inoculation (10 to 10 DNA copies/swab) in 80% of RM. Further, HSV-2 DNA was detected in ganglia in most necropsied animals. HSV-2-specifc T-cell responses were detected in all animals, although antibodies to HSV-2 were detected in only 30% of the animals. Thus, HSV-2 infection of RM recapitulates many of the key features of subclinical HSV-2 infection in women but seems to be more limited, as virus shedding was undetectable more than 40 days after the last virus inoculation. Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infects nearly 500 million persons globally, with an estimated 21 million incident cases each year, making it one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). HSV-2 is associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition, and this risk does not decline with the use of antiherpes drugs. As initial acquisition of both HIV and HSV-2 infections is subclinical, study of the initial molecular interactions of the two agents requires an animal model. We found that HSV-2 can infect RM after vaginal inoculation, establish latency in the nervous system, and spontaneously reactivate; these features mimic some of the key features of HSV-2 infection in women. RM may provide an animal model to develop strategies to prevent HSV-2 acquisition and reactivation.
Topics: Acantholysis; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Macaca mulatta; T-Lymphocytes; Vagina; Virus Latency; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 30333177
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01574-18 -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Jan 1993
Topics: Adult; Animals; Female; Humans; Praziquantel; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Vulva; Vulvar Diseases
PubMed: 8423581
DOI: No ID Found -
European Review For Medical and... Mar 2018To identify high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in pseudocondyloma of vulvae (PV) and the causal relationship between high-risk HPV infection and cervical...
OBJECTIVE
To identify high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in pseudocondyloma of vulvae (PV) and the causal relationship between high-risk HPV infection and cervical cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The patients were divided into condyloma acuminatum group, PV groups and PV high-risk HPV infection group according to the clinical data and morphological features. Condyloma acuminatum group and PV group were two control groups. The exfoliated cells were detected and typed by human HPV nucleic acid typing kit. The gene fusion site of HPV and its potential gene integration mechanism were investigated using genome-wide sequencing and high-throughput virus integration screening techniques. The HPV integration frequencies of some key gene integration sites were calculated and some novel genes integration sites were identified.
RESULTS
The samples from PV high-risk HPV infection group showed both the pathologic manifestations of PV and the koilocytes caused by the virus infection. Suspected HPV virus particles with a density different from chromatin were observed from the samples of PV high-risk HPV infection group under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The intercellular desmosomes were regularly connected, and autophagosomes can also be observed in some cases. HPV genome was not detected in PV groups and PV high-risk HPV infection group due to the low copy number. HPV genome was only detected in condyloma acuminatum group.
CONCLUSIONS
PV high-risk HPV infection showed both the symptoms of PV and HPV infection with suspected HPV virus particles in cells.
Topics: Adult; Condylomata Acuminata; DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Risk Factors; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vulva
PubMed: 29630095
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201803_14558 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2019Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from...
Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from the aspect of anogenital neoplasm is still on a learning curve. In the present study, two vulval and one anal warts, histologically diagnosed as fibropapillomas, excised from dairy cattle were analyzed. PCR and sequencing revealed that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2 were detected from anal and vulval fibropapillomas, respectively. Immunohistochemistry detected PV antigen in a few differentiated keratinocytes of one vulval case. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected the early region, but not the late region of BPV mRNA in all three cases. The present study will provide new insight into the relationship between BPV and anogenital papilloma in cattle.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Anus Neoplasms; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Viral; Female; Papilloma; Papillomavirus Infections; RNA, Messenger; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 31155549
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0017 -
AIDS (London, England) Jul 2020HIV-infected people have increased cancer risk. Lymphoma survivors have an increased risk of certain second primary cancers in the general population, but second cancer...
OBJECTIVE(S)
HIV-infected people have increased cancer risk. Lymphoma survivors have an increased risk of certain second primary cancers in the general population, but second cancer risk among HIV-infected people is poorly understood. Herein, we characterized the risk of cancers following lymphoid malignancies among HIV-infected people.
DESIGN
Population-based linkage of HIV and cancer registries.
METHODS
We used data from the US HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study (1996-2015) and evaluated the risk of first nonlymphoid malignancy in Cox regression models, with first lymphoid malignancy diagnosis as a time-dependent variable.
RESULTS
Among 531 460 HIV-infected people included in our study, 6513 first lymphoid and 18 944 first nonlymphoid malignancies were diagnosed. Risk of nonlymphoid cancer following a lymphoid malignancy was increased overall [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3--3.2], and specifically for cancers of the oral cavity (aHR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.2-5.5), colon (2.4; 1.1-5.0), rectum (3.6; 1.9-6.7), anus (3.6; 2.5-5.1), liver (2.0; 1.2-3.5), lung (1.6; 1.1-2.4), vagina/vulva (6.1; 2.3-16.3), and central nervous system (5.0; 1.6-15.6), Kaposi sarcoma (4.6; 3.4-6.2), and myeloid malignancies (9.7; 6.1-15.4). After additional adjustment for prior AIDS diagnosis and time since HIV diagnosis, aHRs were attenuated overall (aHR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.5-2.0) and remained significant for cancers of the rectum, anus, and vagina/vulva, Kaposi sarcoma, and myeloid malignancies.
CONCLUSION
HIV-infected people with lymphoid malignancies have an increased risk of subsequent non-lymphoid cancers. As risks remained significant after adjustment for time since HIV diagnosis and prior AIDS diagnosis, it suggests that immunosuppression may explain some, but not all, of these risks.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Sexual and Gender Minorities; United States
PubMed: 32287068
DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002528 -
International Journal of Cancer Sep 2018The aim of this study was to assess the association between HIV infection and cancer risk in Rwanda approximately a decade after the introduction of antiretroviral...
The aim of this study was to assess the association between HIV infection and cancer risk in Rwanda approximately a decade after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (cART). All persons seeking cancer care at Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence (BCCOE) in Rwanda from 2012 to 2016 were routinely screened for HIV, prior to being confirmed with or without cancer (cases and controls, respectively). Cases were coded according to ICD-O-3 and converted to ICD10. Associations between individual cancer types and HIV were estimated using adjusted unconditional logistic regression. 2,656 cases and 1,196 controls differed by gender (80.3% vs. 70.8% female), age (mean 45.5 vs. 37.7 years), place of residence and proportion of diagnoses made by histopathology (87.5% vs. 67.4%). After adjustment for these variables, HIV was significantly associated with Kaposi Sarcoma (n = 60; OR = 110.3, 95%CI 46.8-259.6), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (n = 265; OR = 2.5, 1.4-4.6), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (n = 76; OR = 5.2, 2.3-11.6) and cancers of the cervix (n = 560; OR = 5.9, 3.8-9.2), vulva (n = 23; OR = 17.8, 6.3-50.1), penis (n = 29; OR = 8.3, 2.5-27.4) and eye (n = 17; OR = 4.7, 1.0-25.0). Associations varied by NHL/HL subtype, with that for NHL being limited to DLBCL (n = 56; OR = 6.6, 3.1-14.1), particularly plasmablastic lymphoma (n = 6, OR = 106, 12.1-921). No significant associations were seen with other commonly diagnosed cancers, including female breast cancer (n = 559), head and neck (n = 116) and colorectal cancer (n = 106). In conclusion, in the era of cART in Rwanda, HIV is associated with increased risk of a range of infection-related cancers, and accounts for an important fraction of cancers presenting to a referral hospital.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Case-Control Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV; HIV Infections; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Incidence; Lymphoma, AIDS-Related; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Rwanda; Survival Rate; Young Adult
PubMed: 29663358
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31537 -
Indian Pediatrics Mar 2007
Topics: Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Humans; Infant; Keratolytic Agents; Podophyllin; Vulvar Diseases
PubMed: 17413204
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicine May 2024The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae family of viruses which includes small, double-stranded DNA viral agents. Approximately 90% of HPV... (Review)
Review
The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae family of viruses which includes small, double-stranded DNA viral agents. Approximately 90% of HPV infections occur asymptomatically and resolve spontaneously. However, infection with high-risk viral strains can lead to the development of preneoplastic lesions, with an increased propensity to become cancerous. The location of these malignancies includes the oral cavity, cervix, vagina, anus, and vulva, among others. The role of HPV in carcinogenesis has already been demonstrated for the aforementioned neoplasia. However, regarding skin malignancies, the mechanisms that pinpoint the role played by HPV in their initiation and progression still elude our sight. Until now, the only fully understood mechanism of viral cutaneous oncogenesis is that of human herpes virus 8 infection in Kaposi sarcoma. In the case of HPV infection, however, most data focus on the role that beta strains exhibit in the oncogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), along with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and other environmental or genetic factors. However, recent epidemiological investigations have highlighted that HPV could also trigger the onset of other non-melanocytic, for example, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and/or melanocytic skin cancers, for example, melanoma. Herein, we provide an overview of the role played by HPV in benign and malignant skin lesions with a particular focus on the main epidemiological, pathophysiological, and molecular aspects delineating the involvement of HPV in skin cancers.
Topics: Humans; Skin Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Melanoma; Human Papillomavirus Viruses
PubMed: 38787972
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000038202