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Chemical Research in Toxicology Oct 2020Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble antioxidant and a cofactor for a large number of enzymes. It is present in all tissues and especially abundant in corneal... (Review)
Review
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble antioxidant and a cofactor for a large number of enzymes. It is present in all tissues and especially abundant in corneal epithelium, stem cells, and neurons. Although similar to thiols in its ability to react with many reactive oxygen species (ROS), ascorbate is much better (>100× faster) than glutathione at scavenging of primary ROS (superoxide radical and singlet oxygen). Ascorbate appears to be especially important for elimination of O in the nucleus which contains little or no SOD activity. Cofactor functions of ascorbate involve the maintenance of activity of Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases via reduction of Fe(III). The most prominent activity of ascorbate-dependent dioxygenases in the cytoplasm is hydroxylation of prolines in proteins involved in the formation of extracellular matrix and regulation of metabolism and hypoxia responses. In the nucleus, ascorbate is important for oxidative demethylation of 5-methylcytosine in DNA (by TET proteins) and removal of methyl groups from histone lysines (by JmjC demethylases). Differentiation and other cellular reprograming processes involving DNA demethylation are especially sensitive to ascorbate insufficiency. High doses of vitamin C alone or in combinations with drugs produced cancer-suppressive effects which involved redox, immune, and epigenetic mechanisms. Solutions to vitamin C deficiency in cultured cells are discussed to improve the physiological relevance of models. An abundance of vitamin C in rodents limits their ability to fully recapitulate human sensitivity to adverse health effects of malnutrition and xenobiotics, including neurotoxicity, lung injury, and intergenerational and other epigenetic effects.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; DNA; Humans
PubMed: 33001635
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00348 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... Mar 2022We aimed to establish reference intervals for water-soluble vitamins determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to improve the diagnosis of vitamin...
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to establish reference intervals for water-soluble vitamins determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to improve the diagnosis of vitamin deficiency and outcomes of associated conditions.
METHODS
In this retrospective analysis of 24 810 specimens, we aimed to examine sex-, age-, and season-related variations in vitamin levels in different groups, set reference-value intervals for vitamin levels, and evaluate these reference values against those recommended by manufacturers.
RESULTS
Levels of vitamins B, B, B, B, and B were higher, and those of vitamins B, B, and C were lower, in men than in women. There were seasonal variations in levels of vitamins B, B, B, B, B, B, and C. Levels of vitamins B, B, B, B, B, B, B, and C differed across age groups; vitamin B displayed significant differences between ages 0 to 14 years and adults compared with reference change values. The lower limits of vitamins B (ages 15-100 y), B, B, B, and C were lower, and that of vitamin B was higher, than the recommended reference values. Finally, the upper limits of vitamins B, B, B, B, and B were lower than the recommended values.
CONCLUSIONS
For values obtained using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, the lower limits of reference intervals for vitamins B (ages 15-100 y), B, B, B, and C should be lowered, that of vitamin B should be raised, and the upper limits of reference intervals for vitamins B, B, B, B, and B should be lowered.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Liquid; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitamin B Complex; Water; Young Adult
PubMed: 35026483
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111490 -
Heliyon Apr 2023Fano resonance (FR) is extremely sensitive to extremely small changes in the surrounding environment. We first propose an optical nano-refractive index sensor based on...
Fano resonance (FR) is extremely sensitive to extremely small changes in the surrounding environment. We first propose an optical nano-refractive index sensor based on Fano resonance, which is applied to the identification of water-soluble vitamins B1, B5 and B6 and the measurement of the concentration of vitamin B1. The sensor can be used to rapidly identify pure vitamins B1, B5, and B6 at a concentration of 1 g/50 mL at 25 °C based on the relationship between the wavelength shift in the FR line spectrum and the refractive index. This work shows that the sensitivity of the sensor can reach 1327.5 nm/RIU, the sensor can be used to rapidly identify vitamins B1, B5, and B6 through changes in refractive index under certain conditions. Moreover, rapid calculation of vitamin B1 solution concentration is achieved based on the relationship between different concentrations of vitamin B1 solution and their corresponding refractive indexes and wavelength shifts in their FR line spectrums, which is an important step for the application of the designed MIM waveguide structures to the fields of biology, chemistry, and medicine.
PubMed: 37089329
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15094 -
Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 2016We examined the concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in blood and urinary excretion of 22 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2DM) and 20 healthy control...
We examined the concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in blood and urinary excretion of 22 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2DM) and 20 healthy control participants. Macronutrient and vitamin intakes of type 2DM subjects were measured using a weighed food record method. Control participants consumed a semipurified diet for eight days. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine whether significant differences existed in vitamin concentrations in blood independent of age, sex, and other confounding factors. Concentrations of vitamins B2, B6, C, niacin, and folate in blood were significantly lower in type 2DM subjects than in controls, independent of confounding factors. Renal clearances of vitamins B6, C, niacin, and folate were significantly higher in type 2DM subjects than in controls. In conclusion, concentrations of vitamins B2, B6, C, niacin, and folate in blood were significantly lower in type 2DM subjects than in controls, independent of confounding factors; based on the evidence of increased urinary clearance of these vitamins, the lower levels were likely due to impaired reabsorption processes.
PubMed: 27812289
DOI: 10.4137/NMI.S40595 -
Heliyon Jan 2023The current study is focused on investigation and quantitation of seven commercially available on the Bulgarian market food supplements, containing multivitamin mixtures...
The current study is focused on investigation and quantitation of seven commercially available on the Bulgarian market food supplements, containing multivitamin mixtures of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, a second fermentation brewer's yeast is also analyzed. The analytical procedures are performed on a RP-HPLC/DAD using Purospher STAR C18 (Merck Millipore, Germany) 5 μm, 25 × 0.46 cm column, conditioned at 25 °C in a column oven. Dionex UltiMate 3000 high performance liquid chromatograph was carried out in diode array detector, set up at 270 nm for water-soluble vitamins, except for vitamin B, where 210 nm was applied as analytical wavelength. The fat-soluble vitamins were detected at 325 nm and 265 nm for vitamin A and vitamin E, respectively. Two general methods were developed where was based on gradient elution and was based on isocratic elution. Both methods identified stated by the manufacturer labeled amounts. The developed methods are applicable for routine analysis of vitamin contents both in multivitamin preparations and in brewer's yeast from secondary fermentation.
PubMed: 36632098
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12706 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Feb 2012Despite the importance of water-soluble vitamins to metabolism, there is limited knowledge of their serum availability in fasting wildlife. We evaluated changes in...
Despite the importance of water-soluble vitamins to metabolism, there is limited knowledge of their serum availability in fasting wildlife. We evaluated changes in water-soluble vitamins in northern elephant seals, a species with an exceptional ability to withstand nutrient deprivation. We used a metabolomics approach to measure vitamins and associated metabolites under extended natural fasts for up to 7 weeks in free-ranging lactating or developing seals. Water-soluble vitamins were not detected with this metabolomics platform, but could be measured with standard assays. Concentrations of measured vitamins varied independently, but all were maintained at detectable levels over extended fasts, suggesting that defense of vitamin levels is a component of fasting adaptation in the seals. Metabolomics was not ideal for generating complete vitamin profiles in this species, but gave novel insights into vitamin metabolism by detecting key related metabolites. For example, niacin level reductions in lactating females were associated with significant reductions in precursors suggesting downregulation of the niacin synthetic pathway. The ability to detect individual vitamins using metabolomics may be impacted by the large number of novel compounds detected. Modifications to the analysis platforms and compound detection algorithms used in this study may be required for improving water-soluble vitamin detection in this and other novel wildlife systems.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Fasting; Female; Homeostasis; Lactation; Metabolomics; Niacin; Pantothenic Acid; Reference Standards; Seals, Earless; Solubility; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins; Water; Weaning
PubMed: 21983145
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.09.009 -
Journal of Oleo Science Sep 2022In molecular biology research, a vitamin E (VE) vehicle (VE dissolved in organic solvent) is often added to water media without a stabilizer. However, the detailed...
In molecular biology research, a vitamin E (VE) vehicle (VE dissolved in organic solvent) is often added to water media without a stabilizer. However, the detailed behavior of VE colloids in water media is unclear. In this study, we reveal that VE nanoemulsion readily forms in water-based media through the existing protocol. The colloid size was changed from 39 nm to the submicron scale by adjusting the initial concentration of the VE solution and adding a buffer. The radical scavenging effect of the dispersed nanosized VEs is comparable to that of the water-soluble antioxidant Trolox, providing excellent antioxidant performance in colloid form. The cytoprotection effect of the VE colloids under a lipid oxidation condition largely depends on the size of the nanodispersion. Smaller dispersed particles are more efficient radical scavengers than larger particles for a constant VE amount owing to sophisticated uptake behavior of cell. This unveiled fundamental knowledge pave the way for a preparative protocol of stabilizer-free VE vehicles, which are expected to become widely used in molecular biology research.
Topics: Antioxidants; Lipids; Solvents; Vitamin E; Water
PubMed: 36089404
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22207 -
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical... Oct 2021Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble antioxidant and free radical scavenger. It is required in the body for numerous metabolic functions and is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble antioxidant and free radical scavenger. It is required in the body for numerous metabolic functions and is involved in the development of proteins and connective tissue.
METHODS
In April 2020, a systematic search was carried out on five electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Cinahl, PsycINFO) to find studies on the use, efficacy and safety of a complementary therapy with vitamin C in oncological patients.
RESULTS
Out of the initial 23,195 search results, 21 studies with 1961 patients were included in this review. Five of the included studies (n = 417) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The remaining 16 studies belonged to a lower class of evidence. The patients who were treated with vitamin C suffered from various malignant diseases, some in an advanced and palliative stage. Vitamin C was applied intravenously or orally. It was either the only treatment or was combined with chemo- or radiotherapy. Endpoints included the development of the disease-related symptoms, quality of life, mortality, progression-free survival and safety of vitamin C. The studies were of moderate quality and showed either no effect of vitamin C or a positive trend, although this has rarely been statistically proven in group comparisons. No or only slight side effects with both oral and intravenous administration of vitamin C were reported.
CONCLUSION
Oral intake of vitamin C does not appear to have any effect in patients with malignancies. Data are heterogeneous for intravenous administration. There are no RCTs with statistical group comparisons.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 34402972
DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03759-4 -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Nov 2020We report the use of amide coupling chemistry to covalently link five different biofunctional groups onto an anionic water-soluble poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)...
We report the use of amide coupling chemistry to covalently link five different biofunctional groups onto an anionic water-soluble poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) polymer. Two of the biofunctionalized PPEs are used in prototype applications, including pH sensing and flow cytometry labeling. The PPE is functionalized with carboxylate (R-CO) and sulfonate (R-SO) ionic groups. By using an activated ester, the amine-functionalized groups are covalently linked to the PPE polymer via amide linkages. The reaction chemistry is optimized using biotin-ethylene diamine, making it possible to control the loading of the biotin functionality on the PPE chains. Using the optimized approach, a family of five PPEs were prepared that contain biotin, rhodamine, cholesterol, mannose, or folic acid moieties appended to the polymer backbones. The rhodamine- and biotin-modified PPEs were further applied for pH response and flow cytometry applications. The reported approach can be utilized for other classes of water-soluble conjugated polymers, allowing facile development of a variety of new functionalized water-soluble conjugated polymers for a range of applications including sensing, bioimaging, and flow cytometry analysis.
Topics: Biotin; Cholesterol; Flow Cytometry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mannose; Polymers; Solubility; Water
PubMed: 33190474
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15464 -
Biomedical Reports Mar 2019Few studies have investigated the association between dietary intake and blood concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In the...
Few studies have investigated the association between dietary intake and blood concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In the present study, vitamin concentrations were measured in the blood and urinary excretion of 23 outpatients with UC and compared against a control group of 20 healthy participants. A weighed food record procedure was used to ensure controlled macronutrient and vitamin intakes of the UC cohort. Individuals in the control group were given a semi-purified diet for 8 days prior to assessment. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify important differences in vitamin concentrations, independent of sex, age and other confounding variables. The blood concentrations of vitamins B, C, niacin and folate were markedly lower in the patients with UC than those in the control group, and the renal clearance of vitamins B, B, B and folate was notably higher in the UC cohort. It was concluded that vitamins B, C, niacin and folate were at significantly lower concentrations in patients with UC following adjustment for coexisting factors. The lower levels of niacin may be partially due to impaired reabsorption. Chronic inflammation, common in patients with UC, with may contribute to the lower levels of other vitamins by rendering amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism into a hypermetabolic state. As the role of vitamins in metabolic activity is constant and pervasive, nutritional management including the application of water-soluble vitamins appears important for patients suffering from UC.
PubMed: 30906550
DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1191