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Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Jan 2023Due to the increasing bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, developing safe and effective approaches to combat infections caused by bacteria and biofilms has... (Review)
Review
Due to the increasing bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, developing safe and effective approaches to combat infections caused by bacteria and biofilms has become an urgent clinical problem. Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have received great attention as a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents due to their excellent antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility. Although CDs have been widely used in the field of antibacterial applications, their antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms have not been systematically discussed. This review provides a systematic overview on the complicated mechanisms of antibacterial and antibiofilm CDs based on recent development.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Carbon
PubMed: 36602120
DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01977a -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Apr 2023Pueraria Flos (PF), a traditional herbal medicine, is botanically from the dried flowers of Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi. (Chinese: ) or Pueraria thomsonii Benth.... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Pueraria Flos (PF), a traditional herbal medicine, is botanically from the dried flowers of Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi. (Chinese: ) or Pueraria thomsonii Benth. (Chinese: ). It has a long history of thousands of years in China for awakening the spleen, clearing the lungs, relieving alcohol.
AIM OF THE REVIEW
This review aims to report the up-to-date research progress in ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, metabolism and therapeutic application of PF, so as to provide a strong basis for future clinical treatment and scientific research.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Relevant information on PF was collected from scientific literature databases including PubMed, CNKI and other literature sources (Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations and Chinese herbal classic books) by using the keyword "Puerariae".
RESULTS
Briefly, phytochemical research report has isolated 39 flavonoids, 19 saponins and 25 volatile oils from PF. Flavonoids and saponins are the most important bioactive compounds, and most of the quality control studies focus on these two types of compounds. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed their significant biological activities in relieving alcoholism, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidation, which provides theoretical support for the traditional use.
CONCLUSIONS
Comprehensive analysis showed that pharmacological activity of most purified compounds from PF had not been reported. Kakkalide, tectoridin and their deglycosylated metabolites (irisolidone and tectorigenin) has been focused on excessively due to their higher content and better activities. This leads to low development and resources waste. Interestingly, PF made a breakthrough in the field of food. Many kinds of fat-lowering foods such as PILLBOX Onaka have been popular in Japan market, which received extensive attention. Therefore, we suggest that future research can be paid attention on the development of the plant's function in the field of food and medicine, as well as the transformation from experimental to clinical.
Topics: Pueraria; Ethnopharmacology; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Flowers; Saponins; Phytochemicals; Medicine, Chinese Traditional
PubMed: 36621660
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116089 -
Current Neuropharmacology 2023Traditional medicine and biomedical sciences are reaching a turning point because of the constantly growing impact and volume of Big Data. Machine Learning (ML)...
Traditional medicine and biomedical sciences are reaching a turning point because of the constantly growing impact and volume of Big Data. Machine Learning (ML) techniques and related algorithms play a central role as diagnostic, prognostic, and decision-making tools in this field. Another promising area becoming part of everyday clinical practice is personalized therapy and pharmacogenomics. Applying ML to pharmacogenomics opens new frontiers to tailored therapeutical strategies to help clinicians choose drugs with the best response and fewer side effects, operating with genetic information and combining it with the clinical profile. This systematic review aims to draw up the state-of-the-art ML applied to pharmacogenomics in psychiatry. Our research yielded fourteen papers; most were published in the last three years. The sample comprises 9,180 patients diagnosed with mood disorders, psychoses, or autism spectrum disorders. Prediction of drug response and prediction of side effects are the most frequently considered domains with the supervised ML technique, which first requires training and then testing. The random forest is the most used algorithm; it comprises several decision trees, reduces the training set's overfitting, and makes precise predictions. ML proved effective and reliable, especially when genetic and biodemographic information were integrated into the algorithm. Even though ML and pharmacogenomics are not part of everyday clinical practice yet, they will gain a unique role in the next future in improving personalized treatments in psychiatry.
Topics: Humans; Pharmacogenetics; Precision Medicine; Machine Learning; Mental Disorders; Psychiatry
PubMed: 37559539
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666230808170123 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Feb 2017The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) is a unique book of standards describing the quality, purity and strength of selected drugs that are manufactured,... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) is a unique book of standards describing the quality, purity and strength of selected drugs that are manufactured, distributed, and sold by the licensed manufacturers in pan India. It is developed in two parts; the part one comprises of mono-monographs of medicinal substances of natural origin and part two includes selected compound formulations sourced from the schedule - I books under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 comprising of popular Ayurvedic classics of different period of times. The first part of the Ayurvedic Formulary of India was published in 1978 and thereafter, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (mono-monograph) Part-I, Vol. I was published in the year 1989 and subsequently, the other volumes were published with their legalized status under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
AIM OF THE STUDY
The study was aimed to bring out the existing knowledge on the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia with its chronological development reviewed from the ancient Vedic Compendia with its continuum in Ayurvedic classics of different period of time till recent past.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literary search based on the ancient origin of Ayurveda was carried out. The drug making from the natural resources and utility of the knowledge exist in classical Ayurvedic works of different period of time till composition of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and its importance as official documents of Govt. of India for Standards of Ayurvedic Drugs and its perspectives have been discussed.
RESULTS
The present paper reviews on the systemic development and different aspects of drug-making (Pharmacopoeia) with evidence lying in the 5000 years old work of India. During the systematic review of the various works of different period of times (ancient, medieval and modern), it was found that the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India has its development during 20th Century as an official document of Govt. of India comprising of single drugs monograph and compound formulations.
CONCLUSION
In India, the development of the Indian Pharmacopoeia started in 20th Century on the recommendation of the Col. R.N. Chopra Committee and in 1978 the first part of the Ayurvedic formulary of India was published. Subsequently, the amendment in the drugs and cosmetics Act 1940 was brought in 1964 for regulation of the drugs in Indian Systems of Medicine (Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha). Later on the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Mono-Monograph) Part-I, Volume I, was published in the year 1989 and the other volumes were published subsequently in different years.
Topics: Books; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Discovery; Humans; India; Medicine, Ayurvedic
PubMed: 27404231
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.030 -
The Journal of Clinical Pediatric... 2015Dexmedetomidine is a central α-2 agonist, similar to Clonidine, but 8 times more specific for the central α-2 receptor which causes sedation with minimal depression of... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Dexmedetomidine is a central α-2 agonist, similar to Clonidine, but 8 times more specific for the central α-2 receptor which causes sedation with minimal depression of respiration, making it safe for sedation during procedures. It is widely used in the field of medicine for many procedures especially premedication, awake intubation, and sedation of patients in intensive care units and pediatric procedural sedation.
OBJECTIVE
To do a systematic review of the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, as well as the usage of newer sedative drug- Dexmedetomidine in dentistry.
STUDY DESIGN
The search for articles was conducted in Pub Med, including the articles published in English until Oct 2014. Both animal and human studies were included using the key words, "Dexmedetomidine", "Dexmedetomidine in sedation", "Dexmedetomidine in Dentistry", and "Dexmedetomidine in Pediatric dentistry". The Articles obtained were checked for their quality methodology and inference of the studies and selected for review.
RESULTS
Initial search retrieved 2436 articles, out of which 44 articles were on the subject of Dexmedetomidine in dentistry. Five of which articles were on the usage of Dexmedetomidine in pediatric dentistry. These studies were included in systematic review.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that Dexmedetomidine being a new drug with its added advantages makes a better choice for sedation in dentistry. But with limited studies on Dexmedetomidine, the recommendation to use the drug exclusively is still under debate.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia, Dental; Conscious Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives
PubMed: 26551360
DOI: 10.17796/1053-4628-39.5.401 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics May 2023Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is associated with development of acute hemolytic anemia in the setting of oxidative stress, which can be caused by... (Review)
Review
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is associated with development of acute hemolytic anemia in the setting of oxidative stress, which can be caused by medication exposure. Regulatory agencies worldwide warn against the use of certain medications in persons with G6PD deficiency, but in many cases, this information is conflicting, and the clinical evidence is sparse. This guideline provides information on using G6PD genotype as part of the diagnosis of G6PD deficiency and classifies medications that have been previously implicated as unsafe in individuals with G6PD deficiency by one or more sources. We classify these medications as high, medium, or low to no risk based on a systematic review of the published evidence of the gene-drug associations and regulatory warnings. In patients with G6PD deficiency, high-risk medications should be avoided, medium-risk medications should be used with caution, and low-to-no risk medications can be used with standard precautions, without regard to G6PD phenotype. This new document replaces the prior Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guideline for rasburicase therapy in the context of G6PD genotype (updates at: www.cpicpgx.org).
Topics: Humans; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Pharmacogenetics; Hemolysis; Genotype
PubMed: 36049896
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2735 -
Fitoterapia Jul 2023Oxymatrine (OMT), was identified as a quinolizidine alkaloid, which was one of the major matrine-type alkaloids extracted from Sophora medicinal plants. Growing studies... (Review)
Review
Oxymatrine (OMT), was identified as a quinolizidine alkaloid, which was one of the major matrine-type alkaloids extracted from Sophora medicinal plants. Growing studies revealed that OMT has a wide range of beneficial pharmacological values, consisting of anticancer, antidiabetic, antivirus, and antiinflammtion, as well as the protective activities to the brain, liver, heart, lung, vascular, gastrointestinal, bone, kidney, and skin organs. Various in vitro and in vivo models of pharmacological actions were recorded in regard to the usage of alkaloidal OMT. Mechanisms underlying anticancer activity of this compound may have been possibly involved anti-proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cells, autophagy, especially apoptotic cell deaths. OMT could reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-stimulated diabetic mice by improving insulin secretion and sensitivity. OMT suppressed gastric ulcer via gastric inflammatory and oxidative inhibitions, and pro-apoptotic actions. It turns out that OMT is relatively safe for cell and animal experiments. In this study, we offer a systematic review of natural occurrence, pharmacological potentials, possible mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. Clinical research with OMT is needed to extensively elucidate its health potential benefits.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Molecular Structure; Alkaloids; Matrines; Quinolizines
PubMed: 37295753
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105565 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jun 2018Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham. ex D.Don. (Family Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous herb, used in medicines, food, cosmetics and perfumery industries. Traditionally, it is... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham. ex D.Don. (Family Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous herb, used in medicines, food, cosmetics and perfumery industries. Traditionally, it is widely used in treating inflammation, pain, asthma, foul breath, vomiting, diarrhoea, bronchitis, hiccough and blood diseases. This study systematically reviewed traditional and folk uses, pharmacological properties, bioactive compounds and market potential of H. spicatum. Research gaps and potential of future research have also been discussed.
KEY FINDINGS
Available literature indicates that research on this species is largely focused on phytochemical and pharmacological studies; however, propagation and modern interventions for high productivity have been contravened. These studies demonstrated that the rhizome of the species exhibited many valuable and medicinally important compounds, such as labdane terpenes, hedychinone and polyphenols. Many of the traditional uses of the species have been validated through the findings of pharmacological studies and biological properties of the extracts and pure compounds. Phytochemical constituents and related pharmacological activities have provided some suggestive scientific evidences for the various ethnomedicinal uses of the species in the treatment, control and management of diseases and for new drug discovery.
SUMMARY
Literature reveals that the species is lacking in exact scientific basis of the beneficial properties. Although, some other distinct biological properties identified in this species also opened new door way for its new applications. Therefore, the mentioned phytochemical constituents such as phenolic and flavonoids compounds; and related pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the species have provided some suggestive scientific evidences for its potential in pharmaceutical, food and aromatic industries.
Topics: Animals; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Zingiberaceae
PubMed: 29484653
DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12890 -
BioMed Research International 2018Menstrual bleeding cessation is one of the most frequent gynecologic disorders among women in reproductive age. The treatment is based on hormone therapy. Due to the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Menstrual bleeding cessation is one of the most frequent gynecologic disorders among women in reproductive age. The treatment is based on hormone therapy. Due to the increasing request for alternative medicine remedies in the field of women's diseases, in present study, it was tried to overview medicinal plants used to treat oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea according to the pharmaceutical textbooks of traditional Persian medicine (TPM) and review the evidence in the conventional medicine.
METHODS
This systematic review was designed and performed in 2017 in order to gather information regarding herbal medications of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in TPM and conventional medicine. This study had several steps as searching Iranian traditional medicine literature and extracting the emmenagogue plants, classifying the plants, searching the electronic databases, and finding evidences. To search traditional Persian medicine references, Noor digital library was used, which includes several ancient traditional medical references. The classification of plants was done based on the repetition and potency of the plants in the ancient literatures. The required data was gathered using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and web of knowledge.
RESULTS
In present study of all 198 emmenagogue medicinal plants found in TPM, 87 cases were specified to be more effective in treating oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. In second part of present study, where a search of conventional medicine was performed, 12 studies were found, which had 8 plants investigated: and . Traditional Persian medicine has proposed many different medicinal plants for treatment of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. Although just few plants have been proven to be effective for treatment of menstrual irregularities, the results and the classification in present study can be used as an outline for future studies and treatment.
Topics: Amenorrhea; Female; Herbal Medicine; Humans; Iran; Medicine, Traditional; Oligomenorrhea; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; Sesamum
PubMed: 29744355
DOI: 10.1155/2018/3052768 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology May 2023Arctium lappa L., is a biennial plant that grows around the Eurasia. Many parts of Arctium lappa L. (roots, leaves and fruits, etc.) are medically used in different... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Arctium lappa L., is a biennial plant that grows around the Eurasia. Many parts of Arctium lappa L. (roots, leaves and fruits, etc.) are medically used in different countries. Arctium lappa L. fruit, also called Arctii Fructus, is traditionally applied to dispel wind-heat, ventilate lung to promote eruption, remove toxicity substance and relieve sore throat.
THE AIM OF THE REVIEW
The review aims to integrate the botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology, derivatives and toxicity information of Arctii Fructus, so as to facilitate future research and explore the potential of Arctii Fructus as an agent for treating diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Related knowledge about Arctii Fructus were acquired from Science Direct, GeenMedical, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, Doctoral and Master's thesis, ancient books, etc. RESULTS: Arctii Fructus as an herb used for medicine and food was pervasively distributed and applicated around the world. It was traditionally used to treat anemopyretic cold, dyspnea and cough, sore throat, etc. To date, more than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified from Arctii Fructus. It contained lignans, phenolic acids and fatty acids, terpenoids, volatile oils and others. Lignans, especially arctigenin and arctiin, had the extensive pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activities. The ester derivatives of arctigenin had the anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease and immunity enhancing effects. Although Arctii Fructus extract had no toxicity, arctigenin was toxic at a certain dose. The alleviating effects of Arctii Fructus on chronic inflammation and ageing have been demonstrated by clinical studies.
CONCLUSION
Arctii Fructus is regarded as a worthy herb with many chemical components and various pharmacological effects. Several traditional applications have been supported by modern pharmacological research. However, their action mechanisms need to be further studied. Although many chemical components were isolated from Arctii Fructus, the current research mainly focused on lignans, especially arctiin and arctigenin. Therefore, it is very important to deeply clarify the pharmacological activities and action mechanism of the compounds and make full medicinal use of the resources of Arctii Fructus.
Topics: Humans; Ethnopharmacology; Fruit; Arctium; Lignans; Botany; Quality Control; Pharyngitis; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 36781057
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116223