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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Jun 2018There is an emerging need for greater understanding of pharmacology principles among technical staff. Indeed, the responsibility of dose preparation and administration,... (Review)
Review
There is an emerging need for greater understanding of pharmacology principles among technical staff. Indeed, the responsibility of dose preparation and administration, under any level of supervision, demands a foundational understanding of pharmacology. This is true for radiopharmaceuticals, contrast media, and pharmaceutical interventions or adjunctive medications. Regulation around the same might suggest a need to embed pharmacology theory in undergraduate education programs, and there is a need to disseminate that same foundational understanding to practicing clinicians. Moreover, pharmacology foundations can provide a key understanding of the principles that underpin quantitative techniques (e.g., pharmacokinetics). This article is the first in a series that aims to enhance the understanding of pharmacologic principles relevant to nuclear medicine. This article will deal with the introductory concepts, terminology, and principles that underpin the concepts to be discussed in the remainder of the series. The second article will build on the pharmacodynamic principles examined in this article with a treatment of pharmacokinetics. Article 3 will outline pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in general nuclear medicine, article 4 will cover pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in nuclear cardiology, and article 5 will discuss the pharmacology related to contrast media associated with CT and MRI. The final article (6) in the series will examine the pharmacology of drugs associated with the crash cart/emergency trolley.
Topics: Animals; Drug Interactions; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacology; Receptors, Cell Surface; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 29599397
DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.117.199588 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Sep 2018Pharmacology principles provide a key understanding that underpins the clinical and research roles of nuclear medicine practitioners. This article is the second in a... (Review)
Review
Pharmacology principles provide a key understanding that underpins the clinical and research roles of nuclear medicine practitioners. This article is the second in a series of articles that aims to enhance the understanding of pharmacologic principles relevant to nuclear medicine. This article will build on the introductory concepts, terminology, and principles of pharmacodynamics explored in the first article in the series. Specifically, this article will focus on the basic principles associated with pharmacokinetics. Article 3 will outline pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in general nuclear medicine; article 4, pharmacology relevant to pharmaceutical interventions and adjunctive medications used in nuclear cardiology; article 5, pharmacology relevant to contrast media associated with CT and MRI; and article 6, drugs in the emergency cart.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology
PubMed: 29724803
DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.117.199638 -
Journal of Natural Products Mar 2012This review is an updated and expanded version of the three prior reviews that were published in this journal in 1997, 2003, and 2007. In the case of all approved... (Review)
Review
This review is an updated and expanded version of the three prior reviews that were published in this journal in 1997, 2003, and 2007. In the case of all approved therapeutic agents, the time frame has been extended to cover the 30 years from January 1, 1981, to December 31, 2010, for all diseases worldwide, and from 1950 (earliest so far identified) to December 2010 for all approved antitumor drugs worldwide. We have continued to utilize our secondary subdivision of a "natural product mimic" or "NM" to join the original primary divisions and have added a new designation, "natural product botanical" or "NB", to cover those botanical "defined mixtures" that have now been recognized as drug entities by the FDA and similar organizations. From the data presented, the utility of natural products as sources of novel structures, but not necessarily the final drug entity, is still alive and well. Thus, in the area of cancer, over the time frame from around the 1940s to date, of the 175 small molecules, 131, or 74.8%, are other than "S" (synthetic), with 85, or 48.6%, actually being either natural products or directly derived therefrom. In other areas, the influence of natural product structures is quite marked, with, as expected from prior information, the anti-infective area being dependent on natural products and their structures. Although combinatorial chemistry techniques have succeeded as methods of optimizing structures and have been used very successfully in the optimization of many recently approved agents, we are able to identify only one de novo combinatorial compound approved as a drug in this 30-year time frame. We wish to draw the attention of readers to the rapidly evolving recognition that a significant number of natural product drugs/leads are actually produced by microbes and/or microbial interactions with the "host from whence it was isolated", and therefore we consider that this area of natural product research should be expanded significantly.
Topics: Biological Products; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; Drug Approval; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Molecular Structure; Pharmacology; Research
PubMed: 22316239
DOI: 10.1021/np200906s -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2019Pharmacology and optogenetics are widely used in neuroscience research to study the central and peripheral nervous systems. While both approaches allow for sophisticated...
Pharmacology and optogenetics are widely used in neuroscience research to study the central and peripheral nervous systems. While both approaches allow for sophisticated studies of neural circuitry, continued advances are, in part, hampered by technology limitations associated with requirements for physical tethers that connect external equipment to rigid probes inserted into delicate regions of the brain. The results can lead to tissue damage and alterations in behavioral tasks and natural movements, with additional difficulties in use for studies that involve social interactions and/or motions in complex 3-dimensional environments. These disadvantages are particularly pronounced in research that demands combined optogenetic and pharmacological functions in a single experiment. Here, we present a lightweight, wireless, battery-free injectable microsystem that combines soft microfluidic and microscale inorganic light-emitting diode probes for programmable pharmacology and optogenetics, designed to offer the features of drug refillability and adjustable flow rates, together with programmable control over the temporal profiles. The technology has potential for large-scale manufacturing and broad distribution to the neuroscience community, with capabilities in targeting specific neuronal populations in freely moving animals. In addition, the same platform can easily be adapted for a wide range of other types of passive or active electronic functions, including electrical stimulation.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Channelrhodopsins; Electric Stimulation; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Optogenetics; Pharmacology; Prostheses and Implants; Wireless Technology
PubMed: 31601737
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909850116 -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Jan 2018Combination of optogenetics and pharmacology represents a unique approach to dissect neural circuitry with high specificity and versatility. However, conventional tools...
Combination of optogenetics and pharmacology represents a unique approach to dissect neural circuitry with high specificity and versatility. However, conventional tools available to perform these experiments, such as optical fibers and metal cannula, are limited due to their tethered operation and lack of biomechanical compatibility. To address these issues, a miniaturized, battery-free, soft optofluidic system that can provide wireless drug delivery and optical stimulation for spatiotemporal control of the targeted neural circuit in freely behaving animals is reported. The device integrates microscale inorganic light-emitting diodes and microfluidic drug delivery systems with a tiny stretchable multichannel radiofrequency antenna, which not only eliminates the need for bulky batteries but also offers fully wireless, independent control of light and fluid delivery. This design enables a miniature (125 mm ), lightweight (220 mg), soft, and flexible platform, thus facilitating seamless implantation and operation in the body without causing disturbance of naturalistic behavior. The proof-of-principle experiments and analytical studies validate the feasibility and reliability of the fully implantable optofluidic systems for use in freely moving animals, demonstrating its potential for wireless in vivo pharmacology and optogenetics.
Topics: Optogenetics; Pharmacology; Wireless Technology
PubMed: 29215787
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702479 -
The Journal of Histochemistry and... Mar 2010
Topics: Drug Discovery; Histocytochemistry; Pharmacology
PubMed: 19995944
DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.955534 -
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives Apr 2023
Topics: Pharmacology, Clinical; Africa
PubMed: 36846976
DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1069 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Jan 2012
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Neuropharmacology; Psychopharmacology
PubMed: 22157854
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.233 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jan 2019Online learning, an essential component of most traditional contact-based educational programs, must be of high quality to contribute effectively to learning. The... (Review)
Review
Online learning, an essential component of most traditional contact-based educational programs, must be of high quality to contribute effectively to learning. The availability of first-class web-based materials is particularly valued by both learners and educators in resource-poor nations. In this Practice article, we introduce the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) Pharmacology Education Project (PEP) (https://www.pharmacologyeducation.org/), a freely accessible online learning resource intended to support education and training in pharmacological sciences worldwide.
Topics: Education, Distance; Humans; Internationality; Pharmacology
PubMed: 30588614
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1278 -
Molecular Pharmaceutics Mar 2018
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Discovery; Humans; Metabolic Engineering; Pharmacology; Proteomics
PubMed: 29502427
DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00067