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American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy Sep 2023Positron emission tomography (PET) scan is a valuable imaging modality widely used in the management of cancers. Its usage is well defined for most head and neck... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan is a valuable imaging modality widely used in the management of cancers. Its usage is well defined for most head and neck malignancies. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the utility of PET scan for sinonasal malignancies. This is highlighted by the latest international consensus statement on endoscopic skull base surgery.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review aims to clarify the role of PET scan in the management of sinonasal malignancies.
METHODS
We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases for research studies of interest. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) updated statement was used to guide the review.
RESULTS
In total, 1807 articles were assessed for eligibility. Thirty-nine original papers, published between 2004 and 2021, met inclusion criteria. Seven articles focused on the role of PET scan for inverted papilloma, 23 for sinonasal carcinoma, 4 for melanoma, and 3 for lymphoma, and finally, 3 articles focused on the use of specific PET scan tracers for sinonasal malignancies. Qualitative summaries for each potential role of PET scans were provided. In general, included studies were retrospective in nature with low level of evidence.
CONCLUSIONS
In general, and across all types of sinonasal malignancies, PET scan yielded positive results regarding detection and initial staging. It was also considered as the modality of choice for detection of distant metastases, except in the case of sinonasal lymphoma. PET scan's main limit resides in its inability to detect lesions in or close to the metabolic activity of the brain.
Topics: Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Retrospective Studies; Positron-Emission Tomography; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Lymphoma
PubMed: 37229633
DOI: 10.1177/19458924231177854 -
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Jul 2023The rapid and continual development of a number of radiopharmaceuticals targeting different receptor, enzyme and small molecule systems has fostered Positron Emission... (Review)
Review
The rapid and continual development of a number of radiopharmaceuticals targeting different receptor, enzyme and small molecule systems has fostered Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of endocrine system actions in vivo in the human brain for several decades. PET radioligands have been developed to measure changes that are regulated by hormone action (e.g., glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow, dopamine receptors) and actions within endocrine organs or glands such as steroids (e.g., glucocorticoids receptors), hormones (e.g., estrogen, insulin), and enzymes (e.g., aromatase). This systematic review is targeted to the neuroendocrinology community that may be interested in learning about positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for use in their research. Covering neuroendocrine PET research over the past half century, researchers and clinicians will be able to answer the question of where future research may benefit from the strengths of PET imaging.
Topics: Humans; Neuroendocrinology; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Brain
PubMed: 37423505
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101081 -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine... Dec 2023Transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is a progressive protein misfolding disease with frequent cardiac involvement. This review aims to determine the value of PET in... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is a progressive protein misfolding disease with frequent cardiac involvement. This review aims to determine the value of PET in diagnosis, assessment of disease progression or treatment response and its relation to clinical outcome in follow-up of ATTR amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) patients.
METHODS
Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched, from the earliest date available until December 2022, for studies investigating the use of PET in ATTR-CM patients. Studies containing original data were included, except for case reports. Risk of bias was assessed by QUADAS-2.
RESULTS
Twenty-one studies were included in this systematic review, investigating five different tracers: carbon-11 Pittsburgh compound B ([C]PIB), fluorine-18 Florbetaben ([F]FBB), fluorine-18 Florbetapir ([F]FBP), fluorine-18 Flutemetamol ([F]FMM) and fluorine-18 Sodium Fluoride (Na[F]F). In total 211 ATTR amyloidosis patients were included. A majority of studies concluded that [C]PIB, [F]FBP and Na[F]F can distinguish ATTR amyloidosis patients from controls, and that [C]PIB and Na[F]F, but not [F]FBP, can distinguish ATTR-CM patients from patients with cardiac light chain amyloidosis. Evidence on the performance of [F]FBB and [F]FMM was contradictory. No studies on the use of PET in follow-up were found.
CONCLUSION
[C]PIB, Na[F]F and [F]FBP can be used to diagnose cardiac amyloidosis, although [F]FBP may not be suitable for the distinction of different types of amyloid cardiomyopathy. No studies on PET in the follow-up of ATTR amyloidosis patients were found. Future research should focus on the use of these PET tracers in the follow-up of ATTR amyloidosis patients.
Topics: Humans; Prealbumin; Follow-Up Studies; Amyloidosis; Positron-Emission Tomography; Cardiomyopathies
PubMed: 37561144
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06381-3 -
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience :... Jun 2018Due to a variety of clinical manifestations anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis may be difficult to diagnose. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be... (Review)
Review
Due to a variety of clinical manifestations anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis may be difficult to diagnose. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used as a component of the workup for encephalopathy. However, the use of MRI in anti-NMDA encephalitis is complicated by wide-ranging reports regarding the frequency of normal MRI findings in this disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a modality of imaging that may assess functional rather than structural disturbances. Therefore, this review was conducted to summarise published studies regarding the use of MRI and PET in the diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The terms (MR OR magnetic resonance OR PET OR positron emission tomography) AND (NMDA encephalitis OR N-methyl-d-aspartate encephalitis) were used to search the databases PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus on 10/5/2017. These searches returned 1534 results. Sixty studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that fewer than half of MRIs in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis show abnormal findings. When abnormal findings are present they most commonly include T2/FLAIR medial temporal and frontal hyperintensity, and leptomeningeal contrast enhancement. Cortical grey matter changes were reported in the same number of patients as subcortical white matter changes. The only MRI finding with prognostic significance at this stage is progressive cerebellar atrophy. FDG-PET has been assessed in a few small studies and can demonstrate abnormalities in cases where MRI does not. Further research should aim for larger sample sizes and to report (and attempt to control for) the time between symptom onset and the scan being conducted, and pre-imaging treatments.
Topics: Adult; Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 29605275
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.03.026 -
Chinese Medical Journal May 2017Diagnosis of syphilis is difficult. Follow-up and therapy evaluation of syphilitic patients are poor. Little is known about positron emission tomography (PET) in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Diagnosis of syphilis is difficult. Follow-up and therapy evaluation of syphilitic patients are poor. Little is known about positron emission tomography (PET) in syphilis. This review was to systematically review usefulness of PET for diagnosis, disease extent evaluation, follow-up, and treatment response assessment in patients with syphilis.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and three Chinese databases (SinoMed, Wanfang, and CNKI) for English and Chinese language articles from inception to September 2016. We also collected potentially relevant studies and reviews using a manual search. The search keywords included the combined text and MeSH terms "syphilis" and "positron emission tomography". We included studies that reporting syphilis with a PET scan before and/or after antibiotic treatment. The diagnosis of syphilis was based on serological criteria or dark field microscopy. Outcomes include pre- and post-treatment PET scan, pre- and post-treatment computed tomography, and pre- and post-treatment magnetic resonance imaging. We excluded the articles not published in English or Chinese or not involving humans.
RESULTS
Of 258 identified articles, 34 observational studies were included. Thirty-three studies were single-patient case reports and one study was a small case series. All patients were adults. The mean age of patients was 48.3 ± 12.1 years. In primary syphilis, increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation could be seen at the site of inoculation or in the regional lymph nodes. In secondary syphilis with lung, bone, gastrointestinal involvement, or generalized lymphadenopathy, increased FDG uptake was the most commonly detected changes. In tertiary syphilis, increased glucose metabolic activity, hypometabolic lesions, or normal glucose uptake might be seen on PET. There were five types of PET scans in neurosyphilis. A repeated PET scan after treatment revealed apparent or complete resolution of the asymmetry of radiotracer uptake.
CONCLUSION
PET is helpful in targeting diagnostic interventions, characterizing disease extent, assessing nodal involvement, and treatment efficacy for syphilis.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Positron-Emission Tomography; Syphilis
PubMed: 28469107
DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.204940 -
Autoimmunity Reviews Mar 2021Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging modality that relies on visualization of molecular targets in tissues, which is nowadays combined with a... (Review)
Review
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging modality that relies on visualization of molecular targets in tissues, which is nowadays combined with a structural imaging modality such as computed tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and referred to as hybrid PET imaging. This technique allows to image specific immunological targets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, quantification of the PET signal enables highly sensitive monitoring of therapeutic effects on the molecular target. PET may also aid in stratification of the immuno-phenotype at baseline in order to develop personalized therapy. In this systematic review we will provide an overview of novel PET tracers, investigated in the context of RA, either pre-clinically, or clinically, that specifically visualize immune cells or stromal cells, as well as other factors and processes that contribute to pathology. The potential of these tracers in RA diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prediction of treatment outcome will be discussed. In addition, novel PET tracers established within the field of oncology that may be of use in RA will also be reviewed in order to expand the future opportunities of PET imaging in RA.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33476822
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102764 -
Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Dec 2021The role of PET and integrated PET-CT in the diagnostic workup of suspected malignant pleural effusions is unknown. Earlier systematic reviews (published 2014 and 2015)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The role of PET and integrated PET-CT in the diagnostic workup of suspected malignant pleural effusions is unknown. Earlier systematic reviews (published 2014 and 2015) both included pleural pathology without effusion, and reached contradictory conclusions. Five studies have been published since the latest review. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarise the evidence of PET and integrated PET-CT in predicting pleural malignancy in patients suspected of having malignant pleural effusions. A meta-analysis based on a systematic literature search in Cochrane Library, Medline, EMBASE and Clinicaltrials.gov was performed. Diagnostic studies evaluating the performance of PET or PET-CT in patients with suspected malignant pleural effusion, using pleural fluid cytology or histopathology as the reference test, and presenting sufficient data for constructing a 2x2 table were included. The quality of the studies was assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 score. Subgroup analyses on image modality, interpretation method and known malignancy status pre index-test application were planned. Seven studies with low risk of bias were included. The pooled ability to separate benign from malignant effusions varied with image modality, interpretation method and known malignancy status pre index-test application. In studies using PET-CT, visual/qualitative image analysis was superior to semi-quantitative with positive (LR + ) and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 9.9 (4.5-15.3) respectively 0.1 (0.1-0.2). There was considerable heterogeneity among studies. In conclusion, visual/qualitative image analysis of integrated PET-CT seems to add relevant information in the work-up of suspected malignant pleural effusions with LR + and LR- close to rigorous pre-set cut-offs of > 10 and < 0.1. However, the quality of evidence was low due to inter-study heterogeneity, and inability to assess meta-bias. Clinical Trial Registration: The protocol was uploaded to the PROSPERO database (CRD42020213319) on the 13th of October 2020.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Pleural Effusion; Pleural Effusion, Malignant; Pleural Neoplasms; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 34775214
DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.10.018 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Various papers have introduced the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with [Ga]Ga-radiolabeled fibroblast-activation protein inhibitor (FAPi) radiopharmaceuticals... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Various papers have introduced the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with [Ga]Ga-radiolabeled fibroblast-activation protein inhibitor (FAPi) radiopharmaceuticals in different subtypes of gastric cancer (GC). Our aim was to assess the diagnostic performance of this novel molecular imaging technique in GC with a systematic review and meta-analysis. A straightforward literature search of papers concerning the diagnostic performance of FAP-targeted PET imaging was performed. Original articles evaluating this novel molecular imaging examination in both newly diagnosed GC patients and GC patients with disease relapse were included. The systematic review included nine original studies, and eight of them were also eligible for meta-analysis. The quantitative synthesis provided pooled detection rates of 95% and 97% for the assessment of primary tumor and distant metastases, respectively, and a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 74% and 89%, respectively, for regional lymph node metastases. Significant statistical heterogeneity among the included studies was found only in the analysis of the primary tumor detection rate (I = 64%). Conclusions: Beyond the limitations of this systematic review and meta-analysis (i.e., all the included studies were conducted in Asia, and using [F]FDG PET/CT as a comparator of the index test), the quantitative data provided demonstrate the promising diagnostic performance of FAP-targeted PET imaging in GC. Nevertheless, more prospective multicentric studies are needed to confirm the excellent performances of FAP-targeted PET in this cluster of patients.
Topics: Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Stomach Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Gallium Radioisotopes
PubMed: 37373285
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210136 -
Stroke Aug 2019Background and Purpose- The clinical utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in evaluating carotid artery plaque vulnerability remains unclear. Two tracers... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Background and Purpose- The clinical utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in evaluating carotid artery plaque vulnerability remains unclear. Two tracers of recent interest for carotid plaque imaging are F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) and F-sodium fluoride (F-NaF). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the association between carotid artery F-FDG or F-NaF uptake and recent or future cerebral ischemic events. Methods- A systematic review of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and the Cochrane library was conducted from inception to December 2017 for articles evaluating PET tracer uptake in recently symptomatic versus asymptomatic carotid arteries, and articles evaluating carotid uptake in relation to future ischemic events. Cerebral ischemic events were defined as ipsilateral strokes, transient ischemic attacks, or amaurosis fugax. We quantitatively pooled studies by a random-effects model when 3 or more studies were amenable for analysis. We assessed the standardized mean difference between tracer uptake in the symptomatic versus asymptomatic carotid artery using Cohen's d metric. Results- After screening 4144 unique articles, 13 prospective cohort studies assessing carotid artery F-FDG uptake in patients with recent cerebral ischemia were eligible for review. Eleven cohorts of 290 subjects scanned with F-FDG were eligible for meta-analysis. We found that carotid arteries ipsilateral to recent ischemic events had significantly higher F-FDG uptake than asymptomatic arteries (Cohen's d =0.492; CI=0.130-0.855; P=0.008) as well as significant heterogeneity (Cochran's Q =31.5; P=0.0005; I=68.3%). Meta-regression was not performed due to the limited number of studies in the analysis. Only 2 studies investigating F-NaF PET imaging, and another 2 articles investigating ischemic event recurrence were found. Conclusions- Recent ipsilateral cerebral ischemia may be associated with increased carotid F-FDG uptake on PET imaging regardless of degree of carotid stenosis, although significant heterogeneity was found, and these results should be interpreted with caution. Emerging evidence suggests a similar association may be present with F-NaF plaque uptake. More studies are warranted to provide definitive conclusions on the utility of F-FDG or F-NaF in carotid plaque evaluation before investigating carotid PET as a diagnostic tool for cerebral ischemic events.
Topics: Brain Ischemia; Carotid Stenosis; Humans; Neuroimaging; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 31272325
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023987 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research Jun 2023An increasing number of studies have used positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate molecular neurobiological differences in individuals who use cannabis. This... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
An increasing number of studies have used positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate molecular neurobiological differences in individuals who use cannabis. This study aimed to systematically review PET imaging research in individuals who use cannabis or have cannabis use disorder (CUD).
METHODS
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria, a comprehensive systematic review was undertaken using the PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases.
RESULTS
In total, 20 studies were identified and grouped into three themes: (1) studies of the dopamine system primarily found that cannabis use was associated with abnormal striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, which was in turn correlated with clinical symptoms; (2) studies of the endocannabinoid system found that cannabis use and CUD are associated with lower cannabinoid receptor type 1 availability and global reductions in fatty acid amide hydrolase binding; (3) studies of brain metabolism found that individuals who use cannabis exhibit lower normalized glucose metabolism in both cortical and subcortical brain regions, and reduced cerebral blood flow in the lateral prefrontal cortex during experimental tasks. Heterogeneity across studies prevented meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION
Existing PET imaging research reveals substantive molecular differences in cannabis users in the dopamine and endocannabinoid systems, and in global brain metabolism, although the heterogeneity of designs and approaches is very high, and whether these differences are causal versus consequential is largely unclear.
Topics: Humans; Cannabis; Endocannabinoids; Dopamine; Brain; Positron-Emission Tomography; Hallucinogens
PubMed: 37088043
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.045