-
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2021June 2021 marks the 40th anniversary of the first description of AIDS. On the 30th anniversary, we defined priorities as improving use of existing interventions,... (Review)
Review
June 2021 marks the 40th anniversary of the first description of AIDS. On the 30th anniversary, we defined priorities as improving use of existing interventions, clarifying optimal use of HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy for prevention and treatment, continuing research, and ensuring sustainability of the response. Despite scientific and programmatic progress, the end of AIDS is not in sight. Other major epidemics over the past decade have included Ebola, arbovirus infections, and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A benchmark against which to compare other global interventions is the HIV/AIDS response in terms of funding, coordination, and solidarity. Lessons from Ebola and HIV/AIDS are pertinent to the COVID-19 response. The fifth decade of AIDS will have to position HIV/AIDS in the context of enhanced preparedness and capacity to respond to other potential pandemics and transnational health threats.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; COVID-19; HIV Infections; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34013858
DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.210284 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2018The goal of ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic is theoretically achievable and would require addressing this global health catastrophe on individual and global levels by... (Review)
Review
The goal of ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic is theoretically achievable and would require addressing this global health catastrophe on individual and global levels by providing optimal prevention strategies and treatment regimens for individual persons living with or at risk for HIV, as well as ending the pandemic as an epidemiologic and global health phenomenon. However, from a practical standpoint, the pathway to ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic will be difficult and will require aggressive implementation of the biomedical research advances that have been made in the areas of treatment and prevention; development of additional tools, such as a moderately effective HIV vaccine; and attention to critical behavioral and social determinants. An end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic can be achieved only with provision of sustained and additional resources at the local, regional, national, and global levels.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Global Health; HIV Infections; Humans; Pandemics
PubMed: 29460740
DOI: 10.3201/eid2403.171797 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Apr 2020The morbidity and mortality of HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-related diseases were dramatically diminished by the grounds of the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy,... (Review)
Review
The morbidity and mortality of HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-related diseases were dramatically diminished by the grounds of the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy, which induces persistent suppression of HIV-1 replication and gradual recovery of CD4 T-cell counts. However, ∼10-40% of HIV-1-infected individuals fail to achieve normalization of CD4 T-cell counts despite persistent virological suppression. These patients are referred to as "inadequate immunological responders," "immunodiscordant responders," or "immunological non-responders (INRs)" who show severe immunological dysfunction. Indeed, INRs are at an increased risk of clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events and present higher rates of mortality than HIV-1-infected individuals with adequate immune reconstitution. To date, the underlying mechanism of incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients has not been fully elucidated. In light of this limitation, it is of substantial practical significance to deeply understand the mechanism of immune reconstitution and design effective individualized treatment strategies. Therefore, in this review, we aim to highlight the mechanism and risk factors of incomplete immune reconstitution and strategies to intervene.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immune Reconstitution
PubMed: 31965635
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.4MR1019-189R -
Chinese Medical Journal Nov 2021In the past 37 years, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has undergone various major transmission routes in China, with the world...
In the past 37 years, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has undergone various major transmission routes in China, with the world most complex co-circulating HIV-1 subtypes, even the prevalence is still low. In response to the first epidemic outbreak of HIV in injecting drug users and the second one by illegal commercial blood collection, China issued the Anti-Drug Law and launched the Blood Donation Act and nationwide nucleic acid testing, which has avoided 98,232 to 211,200 estimated infections and almost ended the blood product-related infection. China has been providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) since 2003, which covered >80% of the identified patients and achieved a viral suppression rate of 91%. To bend the curve of increasing the disease burden of HIV and finally end the epidemic, China should consider constraining HIV spread through sexual transmission, narrowing the gaps in identifying HIV cases, and the long-term effectiveness and safety of ART in the future.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; China; Disease Outbreaks; HIV Infections; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 34759226
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001842 -
African Journal of AIDS Research : AJAR Dec 2018
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Africa, Southern; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Epidemics; Humans
PubMed: 30560731
DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2018.1550202 -
African Journal of AIDS Research : AJAR Jul 2022
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; COVID-19; HIV Infections; Humans; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 35901307
DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2022.2106066 -
European Review For Medical and... Dec 2015Neuro-AIDS is becoming a major health problem among AIDS patients who experience improved survival under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Neuronal injury and loss... (Review)
Review
Neuro-AIDS is becoming a major health problem among AIDS patients who experience improved survival under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Neuronal injury and loss are the critical issues of neuro-AIDS that need the entry of HIV into the central nervous system (CNS) via peripheral infected monocyte/macrophage carriers or viral direct penetration of blood-brain barrier (BBB). The mechanisms of HIV enhancing BBB permeability and entering CNS and the effect of drug abuse in HIV traffic across BBB are discussed. In addition, the current anti-HIV drugs, although they are effective in reducing plasma viral level, cannot eradicate the viruses completely from CNS. The possible mechanism of BBB hindrance and anti-HIV drug efflux by transport proteins, and general methods used to deliver antiretroviral drugs into brain are also discussed.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-HIV Agents; Blood-Brain Barrier; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 26744885
DOI: No ID Found -
Oncology Research and Treatment 2017Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-defining malignancies. It occurs more frequently in persons living with human... (Review)
Review
Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-defining malignancies. It occurs more frequently in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV) than in the HIV-negative population. Compared to their HIV-negative counterparts, patients are usually younger and diagnosed at more advanced stages. The pathogenesis of LC in PLWHIV is not fully understood, but immunosuppression in combination with chronic infection and the oncogenic effects of smoking and HIV itself all seem to play a role. Currently, no established preventive screening is available, making smoking cessation the most promising preventive measure. Treatment protocols and standards are the same as for the general population. Notably, immuno-oncology will also become standard of care in a significant subset of HIV-infected patients with LC. As drug interactions and hematological toxicity must be taken into account, a multidisciplinary approach should include a physician experienced in the treatment of HIV. Only limited data is available on novel targeted therapies and checkpoint inhibitors in the setting of HIV.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Medical Oncology; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28259887
DOI: 10.1159/000458442 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2018The individuals with HIV infection are more susceptible to develop coinfections with infectious pathogens such as HCV and HBV. The routes of transmission of these... (Review)
Review
The individuals with HIV infection are more susceptible to develop coinfections with infectious pathogens such as HCV and HBV. The routes of transmission of these pathogens are the same including sexual contact, injection drug use, or at birth from mother to an infant. The main reason of morbidity and mortality in HIV infected individuals is a liver disease in the context of antiretroviral therapy, and coinfection such as HCV and HBV complicates this condition. Nucleos(t)ide analogues are used for HBV infection management, and treatment of HCV infection is done by PegIFN and ribavirin combination and protease inhibitors. In this review, we focused on hepatitis B and C infections in HIV patients along with their therapies.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Coinfection; Hepatitis; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Humans
PubMed: 29027728
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1956 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Dec 2014
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections; Humans
PubMed: 25455316
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2014.09.001