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Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2021June 2021 marks the 40th anniversary of the first description of AIDS. On the 30th anniversary, we defined priorities as improving use of existing interventions,... (Review)
Review
June 2021 marks the 40th anniversary of the first description of AIDS. On the 30th anniversary, we defined priorities as improving use of existing interventions, clarifying optimal use of HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy for prevention and treatment, continuing research, and ensuring sustainability of the response. Despite scientific and programmatic progress, the end of AIDS is not in sight. Other major epidemics over the past decade have included Ebola, arbovirus infections, and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A benchmark against which to compare other global interventions is the HIV/AIDS response in terms of funding, coordination, and solidarity. Lessons from Ebola and HIV/AIDS are pertinent to the COVID-19 response. The fifth decade of AIDS will have to position HIV/AIDS in the context of enhanced preparedness and capacity to respond to other potential pandemics and transnational health threats.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; COVID-19; HIV Infections; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34013858
DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.210284 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Apr 2020The morbidity and mortality of HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-related diseases were dramatically diminished by the grounds of the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy,... (Review)
Review
The morbidity and mortality of HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-related diseases were dramatically diminished by the grounds of the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy, which induces persistent suppression of HIV-1 replication and gradual recovery of CD4 T-cell counts. However, ∼10-40% of HIV-1-infected individuals fail to achieve normalization of CD4 T-cell counts despite persistent virological suppression. These patients are referred to as "inadequate immunological responders," "immunodiscordant responders," or "immunological non-responders (INRs)" who show severe immunological dysfunction. Indeed, INRs are at an increased risk of clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events and present higher rates of mortality than HIV-1-infected individuals with adequate immune reconstitution. To date, the underlying mechanism of incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients has not been fully elucidated. In light of this limitation, it is of substantial practical significance to deeply understand the mechanism of immune reconstitution and design effective individualized treatment strategies. Therefore, in this review, we aim to highlight the mechanism and risk factors of incomplete immune reconstitution and strategies to intervene.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immune Reconstitution
PubMed: 31965635
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.4MR1019-189R -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Dec 2021
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; COVID-19; HIV Infections; Humans; Pandemics
PubMed: 34786993
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00463.2021 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Sep 2002
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Humans; International Cooperation
PubMed: 12240796
DOI: No ID Found -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Dec 1999Patients with AIDS are at risk of lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. These tumours are associated with the gamma herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human... (Review)
Review
Patients with AIDS are at risk of lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. These tumours are associated with the gamma herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), although a proportion of AIDS lymphomas lacks both viruses. EBV and HHV-8 are latent in the tumour cells, with genes that play a direct role in driving cell proliferation. Human immunodeficiency virus, in contrast, while being the greatest risk factor for lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma, acts indirectly, mainly by causing immune suppression, as immunosuppressed transplant patients are at risk for the same types of tumour.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 10575133
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01393.x -
PloS One 2022To control the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China, Guangxi government launched the 5-year Guangxi AIDS Conquering Project (GACP, Phase I:...
To control the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China, Guangxi government launched the 5-year Guangxi AIDS Conquering Project (GACP, Phase I: 2010-2014, Phase II: 2015-2020). In the project, three measures are implemented, such as great improvements of the coverage of HIV/AIDS education, promotion of HIV voluntary counseling and testing, and enhancement of antiretroviral treatment. In this paper, we explore the effects of the three measures of GACP by construction of a Susceptible-Infected-Diagnosed-Treated population compartments model and via evaluation of the basic reproduction number derived from the model. A computational framework is developed for estimating the model parameters based on the HIV surveillance data, with application of the Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo method and Nonlinear Least Squares method. By estimating the new infections and evaluating the basic reproduction number, we find that the implementation of the three measures of GACP has a significant effect on controlling the rise of HIV/AIDS cases and the epidemic trend. Compared with HIV voluntary counseling and testing, strengthening HIV/AIDS education and expanding the coverage of antiretroviral treatment show a greater impact on HIV/AIDS epidemic control, which provides a reference project for other provinces with a similar epidemic situation in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. At the same time, our research fills the current research gap for the evaluation of large-scale AIDS prevention and control projects in developing areas.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Basic Reproduction Number; China; Epidemics; Ethnicity; Humans
PubMed: 35776707
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270525 -
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Nov 2009Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS are intertwined in a vicious cycle that heightens vulnerability to, and worsens the severity of, each condition. We review current knowledge... (Review)
Review
Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS are intertwined in a vicious cycle that heightens vulnerability to, and worsens the severity of, each condition. We review current knowledge and research priorities regarding the impact of food insecurity on HIV transmission risk and clinical outcomes. Observational studies suggest that food insecurity is associated with increased HIV transmission risk behaviors and decreased access to HIV treatment and care. Among individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), food insecurity is associated with decreased ART adherence, reduced baseline CD4 cell count, incomplete virologic suppression, and decreased survival. Integration of food security interventions into HIV/AIDS treatment programs is essential to curtail the HIV/AIDS epidemic and improve health and quality of life among those infected. Longitudinal research applying validated measurement tools is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which food insecurity adversely impacts HIV transmission, treatment, and care. Research should compare the effectiveness of various food assistance and livelihood strategies.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Food Supply; Humans; Patient Compliance; Preventive Health Services; Risk-Taking; Socioeconomic Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19849966
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-009-0030-z -
American Journal of Public Health Jul 2021
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Epidemics; Humans; New York City; Safe Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 34110912
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306291 -
Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling Sep 2017The public benefit of test-and-treat has induced a need to justify goodness for the public, and mathematical modeling studies have played a key role in designing and... (Review)
Review
The public benefit of test-and-treat has induced a need to justify goodness for the public, and mathematical modeling studies have played a key role in designing and evaluating the test-and-treat strategy for controlling HIV/AIDS. Here we briefly and comprehensively review the essence of contemporary understanding of the test-and-treat policy through mathematical modeling approaches and identify key pitfalls that have been identified to date. While the decrease in HIV incidence is achieved with certain coverages of diagnosis, care and continued treatment, HIV prevalence is not necessarily decreased and sometimes the test-and-treat is accompanied by increased long-term cost of antiretroviral therapy (ART). To confront with the complexity of assessment on this policy, the elimination threshold or the effective reproduction number has been proposed for its use in determining the overall success to anticipate the eventual elimination. Since the publication of original model in 2009, key issues of test-and-treat modeling studies have been identified, including theoretical problems surrounding the sexual partnership network, heterogeneities in the transmission dynamics, and realistic issues of achieving and maintaining high treatment coverage in the most hard-to-reach populations. To explicitly design country-specific control policy, quantitative modeling approaches to each single setting with differing epidemiological context would require multi-disciplinary collaborations among clinicians, public health practitioners, laboratory technologists, epidemiologists and mathematical modelers.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Humans; Models, Biological; Patient Care; Prevalence; United States
PubMed: 28870213
DOI: 10.1186/s12976-017-0062-9 -
Cell Nov 2013
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-HIV Agents; Global Health; Humans
PubMed: 24157218
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.016