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Current HIV/AIDS Reports Apr 2018As access to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) expands globally, a decline in AIDS-related morbidity and mortality has been complicated by rising rates of... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
As access to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) expands globally, a decline in AIDS-related morbidity and mortality has been complicated by rising rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This review provides a brief description of NCDs and existing gaps on knowledge about NCDs among HIV-infected adults mostly in Africa.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent reports show that one in every five persons living with HIV has a chronic illness, predominantly diabetes and/or hypertension, depression, and most of these conditions are either not diagnosed or not being managed. Human papilloma virus-associated anal dysplasia occurs among 70% of HIV-infected women in RLS. Recognizing risk factors for NCDs and providing effective screening and optimal care remains challenging. Research is urgently needed to carefully characterize HIV-associated NCDs in RLS. Such studies should provide a framework for high-priority NCDs that the limited resources can be focused on in these settings.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Chronic Disease; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Noncommunicable Diseases; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29435953
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0381-4 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022Currently, it is estimated that 37.6 million people are living with the HIV/AIDS virus worldwide, placing HIV/AIDS among the ten leading causes of death, mostly among... (Review)
Review
Currently, it is estimated that 37.6 million people are living with the HIV/AIDS virus worldwide, placing HIV/AIDS among the ten leading causes of death, mostly among low- and lower-middle-income countries. Despite the effective intervention in the prevention and treatment, this reduction did not occur equally among populations, subpopulations and geographic regions. This difference in the occurrence of the disease is associated with the social determinants of health (SDH), which could affect the transmission and maintenance of HIV. With the recognition of the importance of SDH in HIV transmission, the development of mathematical models that incorporate these determinants could increase the accuracy and robustness of the modeling. This article aims to propose a theoretical and conceptual way of including SDH in the mathematical modeling of HIV/AIDS. The theoretical mathematical model with the Social Determinants of Health has been developed in stages. For the selection of SDH that were incorporated into the model, a narrative literature review was conducted. Secondly, we proposed an extended model in which the population (N) is divided into Susceptible (S), HIV-positive (I), Individual with AIDS (A) and individual under treatment (T). Each SDH had a different approach to embedding in the model. We performed a calibration and validation of the model. A total of 31 SDH were obtained in the review, divided into four groups: Individual Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Social Participation, and Health Services. In the end, four determinants were selected for incorporation into the model: Education, Poverty, Use of Drugs and Alcohol abuse, and Condoms Use. the section "Numerical simulation" to simulate the influence of the poverty rate on the AIDS incidence and mortality rates. We used a Brazilian dataset of new AIDS cases and deaths, which is publicly available. We calibrated the model using a multiobjective genetic algorithm for the years 2003 to 2019. To forecast from 2020 to 2035, we assumed two lines of poverty rate representing (i) a scenario of increasing and (ii) a scenario of decreasing. To avoid overfitting, we fixed some parameters and estimated the remaining. The equations presented with the chosen SDH exemplify some approaches that we can adopt when thinking about modeling social effects on the occurrence of HIV. The model was able to capture the influence of the employment/poverty on the HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality rates, evidencing the importance of SDOH in the occurrence of diseases. The recognition of the importance of including the SDH in the modeling and studies on HIV/AIDS is evident, due to its complexity and multicausality. Models that do not take into account in their structure, will probably miss a great part of the real trends, especially in periods, as the current on, of economic crisis and strong socioeconomic changes.
Topics: Humans; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Social Determinants of Health; Brazil; Poverty; Models, Theoretical
PubMed: 36446878
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24459-0 -
The Lancet. HIV Jun 2021
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Perception; Social Stigma
PubMed: 34087091
DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00104-1 -
Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling Sep 2017The public benefit of test-and-treat has induced a need to justify goodness for the public, and mathematical modeling studies have played a key role in designing and... (Review)
Review
The public benefit of test-and-treat has induced a need to justify goodness for the public, and mathematical modeling studies have played a key role in designing and evaluating the test-and-treat strategy for controlling HIV/AIDS. Here we briefly and comprehensively review the essence of contemporary understanding of the test-and-treat policy through mathematical modeling approaches and identify key pitfalls that have been identified to date. While the decrease in HIV incidence is achieved with certain coverages of diagnosis, care and continued treatment, HIV prevalence is not necessarily decreased and sometimes the test-and-treat is accompanied by increased long-term cost of antiretroviral therapy (ART). To confront with the complexity of assessment on this policy, the elimination threshold or the effective reproduction number has been proposed for its use in determining the overall success to anticipate the eventual elimination. Since the publication of original model in 2009, key issues of test-and-treat modeling studies have been identified, including theoretical problems surrounding the sexual partnership network, heterogeneities in the transmission dynamics, and realistic issues of achieving and maintaining high treatment coverage in the most hard-to-reach populations. To explicitly design country-specific control policy, quantitative modeling approaches to each single setting with differing epidemiological context would require multi-disciplinary collaborations among clinicians, public health practitioners, laboratory technologists, epidemiologists and mathematical modelers.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Humans; Models, Biological; Patient Care; Prevalence; United States
PubMed: 28870213
DOI: 10.1186/s12976-017-0062-9 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018It is acknowledged that vaccines remain the best hope for eliminating the HIV-1 epidemic. However, the failure to produce effective vaccine immunogens and the inability... (Review)
Review
It is acknowledged that vaccines remain the best hope for eliminating the HIV-1 epidemic. However, the failure to produce effective vaccine immunogens and the inability of conventional delivery strategies to elicit the desired immune responses remains a central theme and has ultimately led to a significant roadblock in HIV vaccine development. Consequently, significant efforts have been applied to generate novel vaccine antigens and delivery agents, which mimic viral structures for optimal immune induction. Here, we review the latest developments that have occurred in the nanoparticle vaccine field, with special emphasis on strategies that are being utilized to attain highly immunogenic, systemic, and mucosal anti-HIV humoral and cellular immune responses. This includes the design of novel immunogens, the central role of antigen-presenting cells, delivery routes, and biodistribution of nanoparticles to lymph nodes. In particular, we will focus on virus-like-particle formulations and their preclinical uses within the HIV prophylactic vaccine setting.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; HIV-1; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle
PubMed: 29541072
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00345 -
The Journal of the Association of...
Topics: Humans; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections; Synapses
PubMed: 37815849
DOI: 10.1097/JNC.0000000000000435 -
Recenti Progressi in Medicina Feb 2018
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-HIV Agents; HIV Infections; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans
PubMed: 29493647
DOI: 10.1701/2865.28916 -
Nature Aug 2020
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Malaria; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32788740
DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02334-0 -
Lancet (London, England) Jul 2017
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Disease Eradication; Feasibility Studies; Global Health; Health Policy; Humans; International Cooperation; Pandemics; Point-of-Care Systems
PubMed: 28745591
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31872-X -
F1000Research 2022Since the early 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its accompanying acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have spread worldwide, becoming one of the...
Since the early 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its accompanying acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have spread worldwide, becoming one of the world's major global health issues. From the beginning of the epidemic until 2020, about 79.3 million people became infected, with 36.3 million deaths due to AIDS illnesses. This huge figure is a result of those unaware of their status due to stigmatization and invariably spreading the virus unknowingly. Qualitative analysis through a mathematical model that will address HIV unaware individuals and the effect of an increasing defaulter on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS was investigated. The impact of treatment and the effect of inefficient follow-up on the transmission of HIV/AIDS were examined. The threshold for the effective reduction of the unaware status of HIV through testing, in response to awareness, and the significance of effective non-defaulting in treatment commonly called defaulters loss to follow-up as these individuals contribute immensely to the spread of the virus due to their increase in CD4+ count was determined in this study. Stability analysis of equilibrium points is performed using the basic reproduction number $R_0$, an epidemiological threshold that determines disease eradication or persistence in viral populations. We tested the most sensitive parameters in the basic reproduction numbers. The results portray that early identification and treatment only are inadequate for the illness to be eradicated, but effectively used of condom, strict adherence to treatment and counseling of and testing of pregnant women contribute to a decrease in infected HIV individuals. Other control techniques, such as treatment adherence and effective condom usage, and reduction in vertical transmission cannot be over-emphasis to lessen the disease's burden. Policymakers must address these strategies through a series of public awareness campaigns about the dangers of not adhering to treatment procedures and patterns.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV; Follow-Up Studies
PubMed: 36910027
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.123693.2