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Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021Melanoma accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Melanoma incidence is rising in developed, predominantly... (Review)
Review
Melanoma accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Melanoma incidence is rising in developed, predominantly fair-skinned countries, growing over 320% in the US since 1975. However, US mortality has fallen almost 30% over the past decade with the approval of 10 new targeted or immunotherapy agents since 2011. Mutations in the signaling-protein BRAF, present in half of cases, are targeted with oral BRAF/MEK inhibitor combinations, while checkpoint inhibitors are used to restore immunosurveillance likely inactivated by UV radiation. Although the overall 5-year survival has risen to 93.3% in the US, survival for stage IV disease remains only 29.8%. Melanoma is most common in white, older men, with an average age of diagnosis of 65. Outdoor UV exposure without protection is the main risk factor, although indoor tanning beds, immunosuppression, family history and rare congenital diseases, moles, and obesity contribute to the disease. Primary prevention initiatives in Australia implemented since 1988, such as education on sun-protection, have increased sun-screen usage and curbed melanoma incidence, which peaked in Australia in 2005. In the US, melanoma incidence is not projected to peak until 2022-2026. Fewer than 40% of Americans report practicing adequate protection (sun avoidance from 10 a.m.-4 p.m. and regular application of broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF > 30). A 2-4-fold return on investment is predicted for a US sun-protection education initiative. Lesion-directed skin screening programs, especially for those at risk, have also cost-efficiently reduced melanoma mortality.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Aged; Aniline Compounds; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Incidence; Melanoma; Monitoring, Immunologic; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Skin Neoplasms; Sunscreening Agents; United States
PubMed: 34698235
DOI: 10.3390/medsci9040063 -
Polymers Nov 2022The review summarizes recent advances in the production of carbon fiber precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers. Approaches to decrease the melting point... (Review)
Review
The review summarizes recent advances in the production of carbon fiber precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers. Approaches to decrease the melting point of polyacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile copolymers are analyzed, including copolymerization with inert comonomers, plasticization by various solvents and additives, among them the eco-friendly ways to use the carbon dioxide and ionic liquids. The methods for preliminary modification of precursors that provides the thermal oxidative stabilization of the fibers without their melting and the reduction in the stabilization duration without the loss of the mechanical characteristics of the fibers are discussed. Special attention is paid to different ways of crosslinking by irradiation with different sources. Examples of the carbon fibers preparation from melt-processable acrylonitrile copolymers are considered in detail. A patent search was carried out and the information on the methods for producing carbon fibers from precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers are summarized.
PubMed: 36501614
DOI: 10.3390/polym14235222 -
Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Feb 2022Styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-copolymer (ABS) are gaining in importance as food contact materials. Oligomers and other...
Styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-copolymer (ABS) are gaining in importance as food contact materials. Oligomers and other non-intentionally added substances can migrate into foodstuffs. Five SAN and four ABS samples from the German market and manufacturers were extracted and the extractable oligomers were characterised by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/ultraviolet detection/chemiluminescence nitrogen detection/fluorescence detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trimers, formed from acrylonitrile and styrene units, were determined to be the dominating group of extractable oligomers in SAN and ABS in concentrations of about 4900-15800 mg/kg material. Furthermore, styrene-acrylonitrile dimers, styrene oligomers, styrene monomer and ethylbenzene were identified in the sample extracts. Migration testing with three consecutive migrations for multiple use articles was performed for two SAN articles. Migration of trimers into water, 3% acetic acid, 10% and 20% ethanol under conditions (70°C, 2 h) was not detectable above 9 µg/dm, while 50% ethanol acting as a food simulant for milk (124 µg/dm trimers during the third migration) was shown to overestimate the actual migration into milk (< 11 µg/dm trimers at 70°C, 2 h). 2-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthalenecarbonitrile (AMNC), an oligomer degradation product and a primary aromatic amine, was detected in all material sample extracts (0.3-17.1 mg/kg material) and was released into food simulants in low amounts (< 0.014 µg/dm during the third migration into 50% ethanol at 70°C, 2 h).
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Butadienes; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Polymers; Styrene
PubMed: 34780321
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1995631 -
Journal of Labelled Compounds &... Jun 20182-d-Acrylamide was synthesized via the 2-step procedure starting from acrylonitrile and deuterium oxide. This procedure affords 2-d-acrylamide in 99.9% chemical purity...
2-d-Acrylamide was synthesized via the 2-step procedure starting from acrylonitrile and deuterium oxide. This procedure affords 2-d-acrylamide in 99.9% chemical purity and 98.4% isotopic enrichment.
Topics: Acrylamide; Acrylonitrile; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Deuterium Oxide; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 29323418
DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3603 -
American Journal of Epidemiology Apr 2020
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Cohort Studies; Follow-Up Studies; Humans
PubMed: 31566210
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz205 -
Nefrologia 2019Chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer and haematological diseases share areas of reciprocal influence. Cancer can affect the kidney either as glomerular lesions or as a... (Review)
Review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer and haematological diseases share areas of reciprocal influence. Cancer can affect the kidney either as glomerular lesions or as a result of the toxic effects of medication or radiation with acute (thrombotic microangiopathy, acute kidney injury, interstitial nephropathies among others) or chronic processes (worsening of CKD after nephrectomy due to renal cancer, interstitial fibrosis, hydroelectrolytic disorders). On the other hand, patients who require renal replacement therapy with dialysis and particularly with kidney transplantation are at high risk of onset of cancer due to the immunosuppression situation that they generate. In addition to conventional chemotherapy, innovative treatments have been developed: target agents against growth factors and their receptor; anti-angiogenic drugs; immunoregulatory proteins; cell cycle regulators; and enzyme inhibitors. Other immunotherapeutic approaches have also been developed, such as vaccines, adoptive cell therapy (CAR T cells) or development of antibodies. All these therapeutic advances will improve the outcomes against cancer and haematological diseases, but they are not free from secondary renal problems. Onco-Nephrology is already an important area for the Spanish Society of Nephrology with a large number of inter-consultations. Nephrologists need a better understanding of rapidly evolving areas of cancer biology and its treatment in order to become valued members of the cancer care team and to provide the best nephrology care possible.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Acute Kidney Injury; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Aniline Compounds; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers; Contrast Media; Creatinine; Cyclins; ErbB Receptors; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasms; Nephrectomy; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Postoperative Complications; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Referral and Consultation; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 30929891
DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.10.016 -
Archiv Der Pharmazie Mar 2022Acrylonitrile is a fascinating scaffold widely found in many natural products, drugs, and drug candidates with various biological activities. Several drug molecules such... (Review)
Review
Acrylonitrile is a fascinating scaffold widely found in many natural products, drugs, and drug candidates with various biological activities. Several drug molecules such as entacapone, rilpivirine, teriflunomide, and so forth, bearing an acrylonitrile moiety have been marketed. In this review, diverse synthetic strategies for constructing desired acrylonitriles are discussed, and the different biological activities and medicinal significance of various acrylonitrile derivatives are critically evaluated. The information gathered is expected to provide rational guidance for the development of clinically useful agents from acrylonitriles.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 34763365
DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100383 -
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics :... Oct 2022Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a unique photophysical phenomenon of organic chromophores, exhibiting a significant emission enhancement in the condensed phase... (Review)
Review
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a unique photophysical phenomenon of organic chromophores, exhibiting a significant emission enhancement in the condensed phase (aggregate/solid/film) than in the solution phase. This remarkable feature offers excellent strategies to obtain molecular materials possessing unique spectral signatures such as high fluorescence intensity, excellent quantum yield, large Stokes shift, and exquisite optoelectronic properties. Unlike a great library of articles with propeller-shaped tetraphenylethene molecular frameworks, reviews based on the mechanistic understandings of α-cyanostilbenes are relatively rare. Considering this, herein, we highlight the structure-property relationship of α-cyanostilbene-based AIE frameworks for tuning the aggregation through molecular displacement with reference to transition dipoles based on the following parameters: (i) positional substitution and orientation of the α-cyano unit, (ii) π-conjugation length ( or ), (iii) molecular size () of the peripheral substitutions with respect to the α-cyano unit, and (iv) branching effect. In addition, we explain the utility of their unique AIE characteristics for various optoelectronic applications, including self-assembled nanostructures, chemical sensing, organogelation, white light emission, molecular switches, multiphoton absorption, liquid crystals, anion receptors, and biological probes. It is anticipated that organic materials with a cyanostilbene framework will continue to garner attention in the interdisciplinary fields of biology, chemistry, and materials science for diverse applications.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Nanostructures
PubMed: 36128991
DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02686d -
Chemosphere Oct 2023Evidence on liver injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure is insufficient. A cross-sectional study including...
Single-chemical and mixture effects of multiple volatile organic compounds exposure on liver injury and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a representative general adult population.
Evidence on liver injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure is insufficient. A cross-sectional study including 3011 US adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted to explore the associations of urinary exposure biomarkers (EBs) for 13 VOCs (toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, styrene, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, cyanide, propylene oxide, and 1-bromopropane) with liver injury biomarkers and the risk of NAFLD by performing single-chemical (survey weight regression) and mixture (Bayesian kernel machine regression [BKMR] and weighted quantile sum [WQS]) analyses. We found significant positive associations of EBs for toluene and 1-bromopropane with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), EBs for toluene, crotonaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene with asparate aminotransferase (AST), EBs for 1,3-butadiene and cyanide with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), EBs for xylene and cyanide with hepamet fibrosis score (HFS), EBs for the total 13 VOCs (except propylene oxide) with United States fatty liver index (USFLI), and EBs for xylene, N,N-dimethylformamide, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and acrylonitrile with NALFD; and significant inverse associations of EBs for ethylbenzene, styrene, acrylamide, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, cyanide, and propylene oxide with total bilirubin, EBs for ethylbenzene, styrene, acrylamide, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, and cyanide with albumin (ALB), EBs for ethylbenzene, styrene, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, cyanide, and propylene oxide with total protein (TP), and EB for 1-bromopropane with AST/ALT (all P-FDR<0.05). In BKMR and WQS, the mixture of VOC-EBs was significantly positively associated with ALT, AST, ALP, HFS, USFLI, and the risk of NAFLD, while significantly inversely associated with TBIL, ALB, TP, and AST/ALT. VOCs exposure was associated with liver injury and increased risk of NAFLD in US adults. These findings highlight that great attention should be paid to the potential risk of liver health damage from VOCs exposure.
Topics: Humans; Adult; United States; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Volatile Organic Compounds; Xylenes; Nutrition Surveys; Acrolein; Acrylonitrile; Bayes Theorem; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dimethylformamide; Toluene; Biomarkers; Acrylamides; Styrenes
PubMed: 37553041
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139753 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023A series of 2-(1-indol-2-yl)-3-acrylonitrile derivatives, -, , -, -, -, and , were synthesized as potential antitumor and antimicrobial agents. The structures of the...
A series of 2-(1-indol-2-yl)-3-acrylonitrile derivatives, -, , -, -, -, and , were synthesized as potential antitumor and antimicrobial agents. The structures of the prepared compounds were evaluated based on elemental analysis, IR, H- and NMR, as well as MS spectra. X-ray crystal analysis of the representative 2-(1-indol-2-yl)-3-acrylonitrile showed that the acrylonitrile double bond was -configured. All compounds were screened at the National Cancer Institute (USA) for their activities against a panel of approximately 60 human tumor cell lines and the relationship between structure and in vitro antitumor activity is discussed. Compounds of interest and - showed significant growth inhibition potency against various tumor cell lines with the mean midpoint GI values of all tests in the range of 0.38-7.91 μM. The prominent compound with remarkable activity (GI = 0.0244-5.06 μM) and high potency (TGI = 0.0866-0.938 μM) against some cell lines of leukemia (HL-60(TB)), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H522), colon cancer (COLO 205), CNS cancer (SF-539, SNB-75), ovarian cancer ((OVCAR-3), renal cancer (A498, RXF 393), and breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) was 3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-(1-methyl-1-indol-2-yl)acrylonitrile (). Moreover, the selected 2-(1-indol-2-yl)-3-acrylonitriles - and - were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens as well as . Among them, 2-(1-indol-2-yl)-3-(1-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylonitrile () showed the most potent antimicrobial activity and therefore it can be considered as a lead structure for further development of antimicrobial agents. Finally, molecular docking studies as well as drug-likeness and ADME profile prediction were carried out.
PubMed: 37513830
DOI: 10.3390/ph16070918