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Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021Melanoma accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Melanoma incidence is rising in developed, predominantly... (Review)
Review
Melanoma accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Melanoma incidence is rising in developed, predominantly fair-skinned countries, growing over 320% in the US since 1975. However, US mortality has fallen almost 30% over the past decade with the approval of 10 new targeted or immunotherapy agents since 2011. Mutations in the signaling-protein BRAF, present in half of cases, are targeted with oral BRAF/MEK inhibitor combinations, while checkpoint inhibitors are used to restore immunosurveillance likely inactivated by UV radiation. Although the overall 5-year survival has risen to 93.3% in the US, survival for stage IV disease remains only 29.8%. Melanoma is most common in white, older men, with an average age of diagnosis of 65. Outdoor UV exposure without protection is the main risk factor, although indoor tanning beds, immunosuppression, family history and rare congenital diseases, moles, and obesity contribute to the disease. Primary prevention initiatives in Australia implemented since 1988, such as education on sun-protection, have increased sun-screen usage and curbed melanoma incidence, which peaked in Australia in 2005. In the US, melanoma incidence is not projected to peak until 2022-2026. Fewer than 40% of Americans report practicing adequate protection (sun avoidance from 10 a.m.-4 p.m. and regular application of broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF > 30). A 2-4-fold return on investment is predicted for a US sun-protection education initiative. Lesion-directed skin screening programs, especially for those at risk, have also cost-efficiently reduced melanoma mortality.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Aged; Aniline Compounds; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Incidence; Melanoma; Monitoring, Immunologic; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Skin Neoplasms; Sunscreening Agents; United States
PubMed: 34698235
DOI: 10.3390/medsci9040063 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Mar 2012In the title compound, C(20)H(18)N(2)O(3), the C=C bond of the acrylonitrile group that links the indole and the 3,4,5-trimeth-oxy-phenyl rings has Z geometry, with...
In the title compound, C(20)H(18)N(2)O(3), the C=C bond of the acrylonitrile group that links the indole and the 3,4,5-trimeth-oxy-phenyl rings has Z geometry, with dihedral angles between the plane of the acrylonitrile unit and the planes of the benzene and indole ring systems of 21.96 (5) and 38.94 (7)°, respectively. The acrylonitrile group is planar (r.m.s. deviation from planarity = 0.037 Å). Mol-ecules are linked into head-to-tail chains that propagate along the b-axis direction by bifurcated N-H⋯O inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, which form an R(1) (2)(5) motif between the indole NH group and the two meth-oxy O atoms furthest from the nitrile group.
PubMed: 22412611
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812005855 -
Polymers Nov 2022The review summarizes recent advances in the production of carbon fiber precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers. Approaches to decrease the melting point... (Review)
Review
The review summarizes recent advances in the production of carbon fiber precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers. Approaches to decrease the melting point of polyacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile copolymers are analyzed, including copolymerization with inert comonomers, plasticization by various solvents and additives, among them the eco-friendly ways to use the carbon dioxide and ionic liquids. The methods for preliminary modification of precursors that provides the thermal oxidative stabilization of the fibers without their melting and the reduction in the stabilization duration without the loss of the mechanical characteristics of the fibers are discussed. Special attention is paid to different ways of crosslinking by irradiation with different sources. Examples of the carbon fibers preparation from melt-processable acrylonitrile copolymers are considered in detail. A patent search was carried out and the information on the methods for producing carbon fibers from precursors based on melt-spun acrylonitrile copolymers are summarized.
PubMed: 36501614
DOI: 10.3390/polym14235222 -
Respiratory Medicine Dec 2022Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are associated with adverse respiratory outcomes at high occupational exposures. However, whether exposure levels found in the general...
BACKGROUND
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are associated with adverse respiratory outcomes at high occupational exposures. However, whether exposure levels found in the general population have similar effects is unknown.
METHODS
We analyzed data on 1342 adult participants in the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged ≥18 years old who had urinary VOC metabolites and spirometry measurements available. Linear regression models adjusting for covariates were fitted to estimate the associations of VOC exposures levels and spirometry outcomes, while accounting for survey design and sampling weights to generate nationally representative estimates.
RESULTS
The urinary metabolites for xylene, acrylamide, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, cyanide, toluene, 1-bromopropane, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, styrene, ethylbenzene, and crotonaldehyde in our analysis were all detected in >75% of participants. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio % was lower with urinary metabolites of acrylamide (β: -2.65, 95% CI: -4.32, -0.98), acrylonitrile (β: -1.02, 95% CI: -2.01, -0.03), and styrene (β: -3.13, 95% CI: -5.35, -0.90). FEV% predicted was lower with the urinary metabolites of acrolein (β: -7.77, 95% CI: -13.29, -2.25), acrylonitrile (β: -2.05, 95% CI: -3.77, -0.34), propylene oxide (β: -2.90, 95% CI: -5.50, -0.32), and styrene (β: -4.41, 95% CI: -6.97, -1.85).
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study of a representative sample of the U.S. adult population to reveal associations of acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, and styrene urinary metabolites with reduced lung function at non-occupational exposures. Results also support previous evidence of acrylamide and acrolein's association with adverse respiratory outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Volatile Organic Compounds; Nutrition Surveys; Acrylamide; Styrene; Lung
PubMed: 36399896
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.107053 -
Polymers May 2020The polymerizable reduced graphene oxide (mRGO) grafted styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer composites were prepared via free radical polymerization. The graphene oxide (GO)...
The polymerizable reduced graphene oxide (mRGO) grafted styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer composites were prepared via free radical polymerization. The graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was reacted with 3-(tri-methoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (MPS) and used as monomer to graft styrene and acrylonitrile on its surface. The successful modification and reduction of GO was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mRGO was prepared using chemical and solvothermal reduction methods. The effect of the reduction method on the composite properties and nanosheet distribution in the polymer matrix was studied. The thermal stability, electrical conductivity and morphology of nanocomposites were studied. The electrical conductivity of the obtained nanocomposite was very high at 0.7 S/m. This facile free radical polymerization provides a convenient route to achieve excellent dispersion and electrically conductive polymers.
PubMed: 32471120
DOI: 10.3390/polym12061221 -
American Journal of Epidemiology Apr 2020
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Cohort Studies; Follow-Up Studies; Humans
PubMed: 31566210
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz205 -
Nefrologia 2019Chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer and haematological diseases share areas of reciprocal influence. Cancer can affect the kidney either as glomerular lesions or as a... (Review)
Review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer and haematological diseases share areas of reciprocal influence. Cancer can affect the kidney either as glomerular lesions or as a result of the toxic effects of medication or radiation with acute (thrombotic microangiopathy, acute kidney injury, interstitial nephropathies among others) or chronic processes (worsening of CKD after nephrectomy due to renal cancer, interstitial fibrosis, hydroelectrolytic disorders). On the other hand, patients who require renal replacement therapy with dialysis and particularly with kidney transplantation are at high risk of onset of cancer due to the immunosuppression situation that they generate. In addition to conventional chemotherapy, innovative treatments have been developed: target agents against growth factors and their receptor; anti-angiogenic drugs; immunoregulatory proteins; cell cycle regulators; and enzyme inhibitors. Other immunotherapeutic approaches have also been developed, such as vaccines, adoptive cell therapy (CAR T cells) or development of antibodies. All these therapeutic advances will improve the outcomes against cancer and haematological diseases, but they are not free from secondary renal problems. Onco-Nephrology is already an important area for the Spanish Society of Nephrology with a large number of inter-consultations. Nephrologists need a better understanding of rapidly evolving areas of cancer biology and its treatment in order to become valued members of the cancer care team and to provide the best nephrology care possible.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Acute Kidney Injury; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Aniline Compounds; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers; Contrast Media; Creatinine; Cyclins; ErbB Receptors; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasms; Nephrectomy; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Postoperative Complications; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Referral and Consultation; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 30929891
DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.10.016 -
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of... 1999
Review
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Animals; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Cohort Studies; Disease Models, Animal; Environmental Exposure; Global Health; Humans; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Risk Factors
PubMed: 10476445
DOI: No ID Found -
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... 1998Acrylonitrile is a monomer used extensively as a raw material in the manufacturing of acrylic fibers, plastics, synthetic rubbers, and acrylamide. It has been classified... (Review)
Review
Acrylonitrile is a monomer used extensively as a raw material in the manufacturing of acrylic fibers, plastics, synthetic rubbers, and acrylamide. It has been classified as a probable human carcinogen according to the results of numerous chronic rat bioassays. The present report summarizes the toxicity data on acrylonitrile and reviews available data concerning the mechanism (genetic versus epigenetic) by which acrylonitrile is carcinogenic in rats. From the evaluation of the relevant toxicity data, it can be concluded that acrylonitrile is indeed carcinogenic to rats after either oral or inhalational exposure. However, information on other mammalian species is lacking, and, moreover, the exact mechanism of the carcinogenic process is unclear. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct an additional long-term inhalation carcinogenicity study with acrylonitrile in mice, as well as studies into the mechanism by which acrylonitrile induces (brain) tumors in rats (genetic versus epigenetic).
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Administration, Oral; Animals; Carcinogens; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Mutagens; Rabbits; Rats; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 9714508
DOI: No ID Found -
Heliyon Dec 2022Ethylene-propylene grafted-maleic anhydride (EPR-g-MA) and a pure maleic anhydride (MA) were separately used to compound carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene-rubber...
Ethylene-propylene grafted-maleic anhydride (EPR-g-MA) and a pure maleic anhydride (MA) were separately used to compound carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene-rubber (XNBR) together with reduced graphene oxide (G) to form nanocomposites, by using melt compounding technique. The G-sheets in the presence of MA (GA samples) or EPR-g-MA (GB samples) generally increased the physico-mechanical properties including; crosslinking density, tensile strength and thermal degradation resistance etc., when compared with sample without MA or EPR-g-MA (GAO) and the virgin matrix. For the thermal degradation resistance measured by the char residue (%), by using thermal gravimetric analysis technique; GA1 (0.1 ph G and 0.5 ph MA) was 106.4% > XNBR and 58% > GAO (0.1 ph G) while that of GB1 (0.1 ph G and 0.5 ph EPR-g-MA) was 60% > XNBR and 22.2% > GAO respectively. Although, homogeneous dispersions of the G-sheets assisted by MA or EPR-g-MA was a factor, but the strong bonding (covalent, hydrogen and physical entanglements) occurring in GA and GB was observed to be the main contributing factor for these property enhancements. Thus, these nanostructured materials have exhibited multifunctional capabilities and could be used for advanced applications including high temperature (heat sinks), flame retardants, and structural applications.
PubMed: 36478802
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11974