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Journal of Exposure Science &... Mar 2021Acrylonitrile is a possible human carcinogen that is used in polymers and formed in tobacco smoke. We assessed acrylonitrile exposure in the US population by measuring...
BACKGROUND
Acrylonitrile is a possible human carcinogen that is used in polymers and formed in tobacco smoke. We assessed acrylonitrile exposure in the US population by measuring its urinary metabolites N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (2CYEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (1CYHEMA) in participants from the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
OBJECTIVE
To assessed acrylonitrile exposure using population-based biomonitoring data of the US civilian, non-institutionalized population.
METHODS
Laboratory data for 8057 participants were reported for 2CYEMA and 1CYHEMA using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Exclusive tobacco smokers were distinguished from non-users using a combination of self-reporting and serum cotinine data. We used multiple linear regression models to fit 2CYEMA concentrations with sex, age, race/Hispanic origin, and tobacco user group as predictor variables.
RESULTS
The median 2CYEMA level was higher for exclusive cigarette smokers (145 µg/g creatinine) than for non-users (1.38 µg/g creatinine). Compared to unexposed individuals (serum cotinine ≤0.015 ng/ml) and controlling for confounders, presumptive second-hand tobacco smoke exposure (serum cotinine >0.015 to ≤10 ng/ml and 0 cigarettes per day, CPD) was significantly associated with 36% higher 2CYEMA levels (p < 0.0001). Smoking 1-10 CPD was significantly associated with 6720% higher 2CYEMA levels (p < 0.0001).
SIGNIFICANCE
We show that tobacco smoke is an important source of acrylonitrile exposure in the US population and provide important biomonitoring data on acrylonitrile exposure.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Biomarkers; Cotinine; Cysteine; Humans; Nutrition Surveys; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States
PubMed: 33424026
DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-00286-1 -
International Journal of Biological... Dec 2023The aim of this study was to develop a lightweight epoxy based biocomposite for morphing wing and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. The proposed composite was...
Development of cashew nut shell lignin-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 3D printed core and industrial hemp/aluminized glass fiber epoxy biocomposite for morphing wing and unmanned aerial vehicle applications.
The aim of this study was to develop a lightweight epoxy based biocomposite for morphing wing and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. The proposed composite was developed using a 3D printed high stiffness lignin-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) core and industrial hemp with aluminized glass fiber epoxy skin. The ABS was reinforced using lignin macromolecule derived from cashew nut shells via twin screw extruder and the core was printed using an industrial grade 3D printer. Furthermore, the composites were prepared by compression moulding with an ABS-lignin core and hemp/aluminized GF surface and characterized according to respective American society of testing and materials (ASTM) standards. The findings indicate that the addition of 30 vol% Al-glass and hemp fiber with lignin strengthened ABS core improved the mechanical properties. The composite material designated as "E2" exhibits the maximum mechanical properties, providing tensile strength, flexural strength, Izod impact, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and compression values of, 136 MPa, 168 MPa, 4.82 kJ/m, 21 MPa, and 155 MPa respectively. The maximal energy absorbed by composite designation "E2," during drop load impact test is 20.6 J. Similarly, the composite designation "E2"gives fatigue life cycles of 33,709, 25,781 and 19,633 for 50 %, 70 % and 90 % of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and 32.5 (K) MPa⋅m and 0.76 (G) MJ/m in fracture toughness and energy release rate respectively.
Topics: Animals; Butadienes; Acrylonitrile; Anacardium; Cannabis; Lignin; Nuts; Unmanned Aerial Devices; Epoxy Resins; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Styrenes
PubMed: 37758105
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127068 -
Influence of COD in Toxic Industrial Wastewater from a Chemical Concern on Nitrification Efficiency.International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022COD is an arbitrary indicator of the content of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of COD of industrial...
COD is an arbitrary indicator of the content of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of COD of industrial wastewater on the nitrification process. This research covered wastewater from acrylonitrile and styrene-butadiene rubbers, emulsifiers, polyvinyl acetate, styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian (self-extinguishing polystyrene intended for expansion) production. The volume of the analyzed wastewater reflected the active sludge load in the real biological treatment system. This research was carried out by the method of short-term tests. The nitrification process was inhibited to the greatest extent by wastewater from the production of acrylonitrile (approx. 51%) and styrene-butadiene (approx. 60%) rubbers. In these wastewaters, nitrification inhibition occurred due to the high COD load and the presence of inhibitors. Four-fold dilution of the samples resulted in a two-fold reduction in the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, in the wastewater from the production of emulsifiers and polyvinyl acetate, a two-fold reduction in COD (to the values of 226.4 mgO·dm and 329.8 mgO·dm, respectively) resulted in a significant decrease in nitrification inhibition. Wastewater from the production of styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian inhibited nitrification under the influence of strong inhibitors. Lowering the COD value of these wastewaters did not significantly reduce the inhibition of nitrification.
Topics: Nitrification; Wastewater; Butadienes; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Acrylonitrile; Magnesium Oxide; Nitrogen; Sewage; Styrenes; Solvents; Bioreactors
PubMed: 36361004
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114124 -
Soft Matter Dec 2022The effect of the addition of the methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer on the miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological properties...
The effect of the addition of the methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer on the miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological properties of epoxy systems is described. Epoxy resin/MABS blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr MABS were prepared using the solution mixing technique. Homogenous blends obtained using this technique have undergone a polymerization reaction induced phase separation process by the introduction of the curing agent 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). The isothermal rheology at four different temperatures, 150, 160, 170 and 180 °C, was used to examine the effect of MABS on the gelation and vitrification time. The evolution of storage modulus, loss modulus and tan delta was found to be closely related to the evolution of complex phase separation. The increase in the complex viscosity during curing was determined by rheometry and theoretically analysed by fitting with the Williams-Landell-Ferry equation. An exponential increase in complex viscosity was observed, which was induced by cross-linking. The variation of before and after curing was studied using DSC analysis and dynamic kinetic modeling of the curing process was carried out by utilizing dynamic DSC scans. Thermal stability studies of completely cured epoxy/MABS blends using thermogravimetric analysis revealed that all the blends and neat epoxy exhibited single step degradation. Thermal degradation kinetics was calculated using the Coats Redfern equation.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Methylmethacrylate; Butadienes; Epoxy Resins; Polystyrenes; Rheology
PubMed: 36468626
DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01074g -
Journal of Molecular Recognition : JMR Apr 2021In this work, seven acrylonitrile derivatives were selected as potential inhibitors of fat and obesity-related proteins (FTO) by the aid of fluorescence spectroscopy,...
In this work, seven acrylonitrile derivatives were selected as potential inhibitors of fat and obesity-related proteins (FTO) by the aid of fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, molecular docking, and cytotoxicity methods. Results show that the interaction between 3-amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-phenylacrylonitrile (1a) and FTO was the strongest among these derivatives. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular modeling show that the main force between 1a and FTO is hydrophobic interaction. The cytotoxicity test showed that the IC value of 1a was 46.64 μmol/L, which indicated 1a had the smallest IC value and had the best inhibitory effect on the proliferation of leukemia K562 cells among the seven derivatives. Both our previous results and this work show that chlorine atoms play important role in the binding of small molecules and FTO. This work brings new information for the study of FTO inhibitors.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Proliferation; Chlorine; Fluorescence; Humans; K562 Cells; Models, Molecular; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 33166010
DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2880 -
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Feb 2020This paper reports the synthesis and evaluation of some benzimidazole-acrylonitrile hybrid derivatives for their in vitro antimycobacterial activities against...
This paper reports the synthesis and evaluation of some benzimidazole-acrylonitrile hybrid derivatives for their in vitro antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Among the derivatives studied, 3b was found to be the most active compound with MIC of 0.78 μg/mL against M. tuberculosis. This is a quite good activity compared with ethambutol (MIC = 1.56 μg/mL). Moreover, 3b showed 2.8 log fold reduction in bacterial count of dormant forms of mycobacterium which is more potent than first line drugs isoniazid, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and moxifloxacin. Having activities against both active and dormant forms of M. tuberculosis,3b may be a useful candidate for the development of new drugs to treat tuberculosis.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzimidazoles; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Design; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 31893548
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112010 -
Membranes Sep 2023In this study, ultrafiltration membranes were developed via a nonsolvent-induced phase separation method for the removal of asphaltenes from crude oil. Polyacrylonitrile...
In this study, ultrafiltration membranes were developed via a nonsolvent-induced phase separation method for the removal of asphaltenes from crude oil. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and acrylonitrile copolymers with acrylic acid were used as membrane materials. Copolymerizing acrylonitrile with acrylic acid resulted in an improvement in the fouling resistance of the membranes. The addition of 10% of acrylic acid to the polymer chain decreases the water contact angle from 71° to 43°, reducing both the total fouling and irreversible fouling compared to membranes made from a PAN homopolymer. The obtained membranes with a pore size of 32-55 nm demonstrated a pure toluene permeance of 84.8-130.4 L/(m·h·bar) and asphaltene rejection from oil/toluene solutions (100 g/L) of 33-95%. An analysis of the asphaltene rejection values revealed that the addition of acrylic acid increases the rejection values in comparison to PAN membranes with the same pore size. Our results suggest that the acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer ultrafiltration membranes have promising potential for the efficient removal of asphaltenes from crude oil.
PubMed: 37755197
DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090775 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021The compounds ()-2-(phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile with one side (2,4,5-MeO-), one symmetrical...
The compounds ()-2-(phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile with one side (2,4,5-MeO-), one symmetrical (2,2')-2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile), (both sides with (2,4,5-MeO-), and three positional isomers with pyridine ()-2-(pyridin-2- 3, or 4-yl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile, - were synthetized and characterized by UV-Vis, fluorescence, IR, H-NMR, and EI mass spectrometry as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The optical properties were strongly influenced by the solvent (hyperchromic and hypochromic shift), which were compared with the solid state. According to the solvatochromism theory, the excited-state () and ground-state () dipole moments were calculated based on the variation of Stokes shift with the solvent's relative permittivity, refractive index, and polarity parameters. SCXRD analyses revealed that the compounds and crystallized in the monoclinic system with the space group, 2/ and 2/, respectively, and with = 4 and 2. , , and crystallized in space groups: orthorhombic, ; triclinic, -1; and monoclinic, 2 with = 1, 2, and 2, respectively. The intermolecular interactions for compounds - were investigated using the CCDC Mercury software and their energies were quantified using PIXEL. The density of states (DOS), molecular electrostatic potential surfaces (MEPS), and natural bond orbitals (NBO) of the compounds were determined to evaluate the photophysical properties.
PubMed: 33801942
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061500 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Jul 2020Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in multiple organs/tissues of rats by unresolved mechanisms. For this report, evidence...
Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in multiple organs/tissues of rats by unresolved mechanisms. For this report, evidence for ACN-induced direct/indirect DNA damage and mutagenesis was investigated by assessing the ability of ACN, or its reactive metabolite, 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO), to bind to DNA in vitro, to form select DNA adducts [N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine, ,3-ethenoguanine, 1,-ethenodeoxyadenosine, and 3,-ethenodeoxycytidine] in vitro and/or in vivo, and to perturb the frequency and spectra of mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase () gene in rats exposed to ACN in drinking water. Adducts and frequencies and spectra of mutations were analyzed using published methods. Treatment of DNA from human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells with [2,3-C]-CEO produced dose-dependent binding of C-CEO equivalents, and treatment of DNA from control rat brain/liver with CEO induced dose-related formation of N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine. No etheno-DNA adducts were detected in target tissues (brain and forestomach) or nontarget tissues (liver and spleen) in rats exposed to 0, 3, 10, 33, 100, or 300 ppm ACN for up to 105 days or to 0 or 500 ppm ACN for ∼15 months; whereas N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine was consistently measured at nonsignificant concentrations near the assay detection limit only in liver of animals exposed to 300 or 500 ppm ACN for ≥2 weeks. Significant dose-related increases in mutant frequencies occurred in T-lymphocytes from spleens of rats exposed to 33-500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks. Comparisons of "mutagenic potency estimates" for control rats versus rats exposed to 500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks to analogous data from rats/mice treated at a similar age with -ethyl--nitrosourea or 1,3-butadiene suggest that ACN has relatively limited mutagenic effects in rats. Considerable overlap between the sites and types of mutations in ACN-exposed rats and butadiene-exposed rats/mice, but not controls, provides evidence that the carcinogenicity of these epoxide-forming chemicals involves corresponding mutagenic mechanisms.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Administration, Oral; Animals; Carcinogens; Cells, Cultured; DNA Adducts; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethylene Oxide; Female; Guanine; Humans; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase; Male; Mice; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344
PubMed: 32529823
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00153 -
Membranes Jan 2021In this study, a magnetic/polyetherimide-acrylonitrile composite nanofiber membrane with effective adsorption of nickel ions in an aqueous solution was created using a...
In this study, a magnetic/polyetherimide-acrylonitrile composite nanofiber membrane with effective adsorption of nickel ions in an aqueous solution was created using a simple electrospinning method. Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were stirred and ultrasonically dispersed into a polyetherimide-acrylonitrile solution to create a homogenous NPs suspension, which was placed in an electrospinning machine to produce a uniform and smooth nanofiber composite membrane. Nanoparticle incorporation into this membrane was confirmed using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and NPs aqueous stability from a leaching test. The high adsorption capability of the membrane on nickel ions was attributed to the combination of magnetic NPs, polyetherimide-acrylonitrile matrix, and the nanostructure of the membrane. A membrane containing magnetic NPs demonstrated the maximum adsorption capabilities (102 mg/g) of nickel ions in an aqueous solution. Various kinetic and isotherm models were applied to understand the adsorption behavior, such as pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. A polyetherimide-acrylonitrile composite nanofiber membrane containing magnetic NPs could be used as an environmentally friendly and nontoxic adsorbent for the removal of nickel ions in an aqueous medium due to its ease of preparation and use and stability in aqueous mediums.
PubMed: 33445745
DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010050