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Journal of Chromatography. A Nov 2023Owing to the growing emphasis on child safety, it is greatly urgent to identify and assess the unknown compounds and discriminate the recycled materials for plastic...
Owing to the growing emphasis on child safety, it is greatly urgent to identify and assess the unknown compounds and discriminate the recycled materials for plastic toys. In this study, gas chromatography mass spectrometry coupled with static headspace has been optimized by response surface methodology for non-targeted screening of unknown volatiles in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic toys. Optimum conditions for static headspace were 120 °C for extraction temperature and 48 min for extraction time. A total of 83 volatiles in 11 categories were qualitatively identified by matching the NIST database library, retention index and standard materials. Considering high positive rate and potential toxicity, high-risk volatiles in ABS plastic toys were listed and traced for safety pre-warning. Moreover, the differential volatiles between virgin and recycled ABS plastics were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis. Principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discrimination analysis were employed to successfully discriminate recycled ABS plastic toys based on the differential volatiles. The proposed strategy represents an effective and promising analytical method for non-targeted screening and risk assessment of unknown volatiles and discrimination of recycled materials combining with various chemometric techniques for children's plastic products to safeguard children's health.
Topics: Child; Humans; Styrene; Acrylonitrile; Butadienes; Chemometrics; Plastics
PubMed: 37844445
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464442 -
RSC Advances Oct 2022A representative condensation of acrylonitrile and aryl acetonitrile has been reported for the synthesis of α-amino-β-cyano cyclohexene. The reaction was carried out...
A representative condensation of acrylonitrile and aryl acetonitrile has been reported for the synthesis of α-amino-β-cyano cyclohexene. The reaction was carried out mildly in an open environment at room temperature. The scope and versatility of the method have been demonstrated with 20 examples, containing highly active ethynyl groups. Further applications for 4-aminopyrimidine compounds were performed. A mechanism was proposed, involving Michael additions between acrylonitrile and aryl acetonitriles as well as intramolecular condensation.
PubMed: 36321094
DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04936h -
The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and... May 2018Identify the 3D printed material that most accurately recreates the visual, tactile, and kinesthetic properties of human temporal bone Subjects and Methods: Fifteen...
OBJECTIVE
Identify the 3D printed material that most accurately recreates the visual, tactile, and kinesthetic properties of human temporal bone Subjects and Methods: Fifteen study participants with an average of 3.6 years of postgraduate training and 56.5 temporal bone (TB) procedures participated. Each participant performed a mastoidectomy on human cadaveric TB and five 3D printed TBs of different materials. After drilling each unique material, participants completed surveys to assess each model's appearance and physical likeness on a Likert scale from 0 to 10 (0 = poorly representative, 10 = completely life-like). The 3D models were acquired by computed tomography (CT) imaging and segmented using 3D Slicer software.
RESULTS
Polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) had the highest average survey response for haptic feedback (HF) and appearance, scoring 8.3 (SD = 1.7) and 7.6 (SD = 1.5), respectively. The remaining plastics scored as follows for HF and appearance: polylactic acid (PLA) averaged 7.4 and 7.6, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 7.1 and 7.2, polycarbonate (PC) 7.4 and 3.9, and nylon 5.6 and 6.7.
CONCLUSION
A PETG 3D printed temporal bone models performed the best for realistic appearance and HF as compared with PLA, ABS, PC, and nylon. The PLA and ABS were reliable alternatives that also performed well with both measures.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Computer-Aided Design; Feedback; Humans; Mastoidectomy; Models, Anatomic; Nylons; Polycarboxylate Cement; Polyesters; Polyethylene Terephthalates; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Prospective Studies; Surgeons; Temporal Bone; Touch
PubMed: 29667491
DOI: 10.1177/0003489418764987 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023The study aimed to determine whether the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) recent suggestion of associations between acrylonitrile (AN) exposure and mortality in lung...
OBJECTIVES
The study aimed to determine whether the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) recent suggestion of associations between acrylonitrile (AN) exposure and mortality in lung and bladder cancer and pneumonitis is robust to alternative methods of data analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used the Richardson method to indirectly adjust risk ratios (RRs) in relation to AN exposure for potential confounding by smoking and asbestos. We repeated key analyses omitting workers from Plant 4 to account for possible local, historical shipyard-related asbestos exposures.
RESULTS
The adjustment of lung cancer RRs for confounding by both smoking and asbestos and omitting Plant 4 workers yielded mostly decreased RRs and much less evidence of a positive association with cumulative AN exposure.
CONCLUSION
Overall, our reanalysis provided little evidence to support NCI's suggestion of associations between AN exposure and mortality in lung and bladder cancer and pneumonitis.
Topics: United States; Humans; Cohort Studies; Acrylonitrile; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.; Occupational Exposure; Lung Neoplasms; Asbestos; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 37089484
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1122346 -
JCI Insight Aug 2021Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a sporadically occurring lymphatic disorder. Patients with GSD develop ectopic lymphatics in bone, gradually lose bone, and can have...
Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a sporadically occurring lymphatic disorder. Patients with GSD develop ectopic lymphatics in bone, gradually lose bone, and can have life-threatening complications, such as chylothorax. The etiology of GSD is poorly understood, and current treatments for this disease are inadequate for most patients. To explore the pathogenesis of GSD, we performed targeted high-throughput sequencing with samples from a patient with GSD and identified an activating somatic mutation in KRAS (p.G12V). To characterize the effect of hyperactive KRAS signaling on lymphatic development, we expressed an active form of KRAS (p.G12D) in murine lymphatics (iLECKras mice). We found that iLECKras mice developed lymphatics in bone, which is a hallmark of GSD. We also found that lymphatic valve development and maintenance was altered in iLECKras mice. Because most iLECKras mice developed chylothorax and died before they had significant bone disease, we analyzed the effect of trametinib (an FDA-approved MEK1/2 inhibitor) on lymphatic valve regression in iLECKras mice. Notably, we found that trametinib suppressed this phenotype in iLECKras mice. Together, our results demonstrate that somatic activating mutations in KRAS can be associated with GSD and reveal that hyperactive KRAS signaling stimulates the formation of lymphatics in bone and impairs the development of lymphatic valves. These findings provide insight into the pathogenesis of GSD and suggest that trametinib could be an effective treatment for GSD.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Bone and Bones; Disease Models, Animal; Gain of Function Mutation; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Lymphangiogenesis; Lymphatic Vessels; Mice; Osteolysis, Essential; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Pyridones; Pyrimidinones; Signal Transduction; Tertiary Lymphoid Structures
PubMed: 34156985
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149831 -
Toxicology Research Apr 2022Hydrogen sulfide (HS), as the third gasotransmitter participates in both cellular physiological and pathological processes, including chemical-induced injuries. We...
BACKGROUND
Hydrogen sulfide (HS), as the third gasotransmitter participates in both cellular physiological and pathological processes, including chemical-induced injuries. We recently reported acute acrylonitrile (AN) treatment inhibited endogenous HS biosynthesis pathway in rat and astrocyte models. However, there is still no evidence to address the correlation between endogenous HS and sub-chronic AN exposure.
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to explore the modulatory effects of prolonged AN exposure on endogenous H2S levels and its biosynthetic enzymes in rat blood, brain and liver.
METHODS
A total of 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including the control group and AN-treated groups at dosages of 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg. Rats received one exposure/day, 5 days/week, for 4 consecutive weeks. The rat bodyweight and brain/liver organ coefficient were detected, along with liver cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1) expression. In addition, the H2S contents in rat serum and plasma, and in cerebral cortex and liver tissues were measured by methylene blue method. The expression of H2S-generating enzymes, including cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MPST) was also measured with Western blot both in rat cerebral cortex and liver.
RESULTS
Subchronic exposure to AN significantly inhibited bodyweight-gain and increased the liver CYP2E1 expression compared with the control. In addition, AN significantly increased HS levels in rat plasma and serum, but not in liver. The endogenous HS level in rat cerebral cortex was also significantly increased upon AN treatment, when expression of the major HS-generating enzymes, CBS and 3-MPST were significantly enhanced. However, hepatic protein levels of CBS and CSE were significantly increased, whereas hepatic levels of 3-MPST were significantly decreased.
CONCLUSION
This study showed that sub-chronic AN exposure increased endogenous H2S contents in rat blood and brain tissues, but not liver, which may be resulted from the distinct expression profile of HS-producing enzymes in response to AN. The blood HS contents may be applied as a potential novel biomarker for surveillance of chronically AN-exposed populations.
HIGHLIGHTS
Subchronic intraperitoneal exposure to acrylonitrile increased HS content in rat blood and cerebral cortex, but not in liver.Distinct tissue expression profiles of HS-producing enzymes contribute to the acrylonitrile-induced differential effects on the HS level.Blood HS level may be a biomarker for subchronic exposure to acrylonitrile.
PubMed: 35510234
DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac011 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023New -alkylindole-substituted 2-(pyrid-3-yl)-acrylonitriles with putative kinase inhibitory activity and their (-cymene)Ru(II) piano-stool complexes were prepared and...
New -alkylindole-substituted 2-(pyrid-3-yl)-acrylonitriles with putative kinase inhibitory activity and their (-cymene)Ru(II) piano-stool complexes were prepared and tested for their antiproliferative efficacy in various cancer models. Some of the indole-based derivatives inhibited tumor cell proliferation at (sub-)micromolar concentrations with IC values below those of the clinically relevant multikinase inhibitors gefitinib and sorafenib, which served as positive controls. A focus was set on the investigation of drug mechanisms in HCT-116 p53-knockout colon cancer cells in order to evaluate the dependence of the test compounds on p53. Colony formation assays as well as experiments with tumor spheroids confirmed the excellent antineoplastic efficacy of the new derivatives. Their mode of action included an induction of apoptotic caspase-3/7 activity and ROS formation, as well as anti-angiogenic properties. Docking calculations with EGFR and VEGFR-2 identified the two 3-aryl-2-(pyrid-3-yl)acrylonitrile derivatives and as potential kinase inhibitors with a preferential activity against the VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase. Forthcoming studies will further unveil the underlying mode of action of the promising new derivatives as well as their suitability as an urgently needed novel approach in cancer treatment.
Topics: Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Proliferation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Indoles; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Tyrphostins; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; HCT116 Cells
PubMed: 36614289
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010854 -
Bioorganic Chemistry Jul 2022Leishmaniasis produces approximately-one million of new cases annually, making it one of the most important tropical diseases. As current treatments are not fully...
Leishmaniasis produces approximately-one million of new cases annually, making it one of the most important tropical diseases. As current treatments are not fully effective and are toxic, it is necessary to develop new therapies that are more effective and less toxic, and cause a controlled cell death, with which we can avoid the immunological problems caused by necrosis. In this work 32 acrylonitriles were studied in vitro against Leishmania amazonensis. Three compounds Q20 (12.41), Q29 (11.2) and Q31 (11.56) had better selectivity than the reference compound, miltefosine (11.14) against promastigotes of these parasites, for this reason they were selected to determine their mechanism of action to know the cell death type of they produce. The results of the mechanisms of action show that these three acrylonitriles tested produce chromatin condensation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, altered plasma permeability and production of reactive oxygen species. All these characteristic events seem to indicate programmed cell death. Therefore, this study demonstrates the activity of acrylonitriles derivatives as possible leishmanicidal agents.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cell Death; Leishmania mexicana; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C
PubMed: 35597192
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105872 -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Jun 2022A novel Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction employing electron-deficient alkenes like acrylonitrile with a wide range of aryl and aliphatic ketones using cooperative...
A novel Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction employing electron-deficient alkenes like acrylonitrile with a wide range of aryl and aliphatic ketones using cooperative catalysis in micellar media has been delineated. This transformation executed in water under mild reaction conditions in a confined environment of micelles is aligned to the ideas of sustainable and green chemistry. The site of the reaction was established by incisive proton NMR studies in the palisade region of the micellar assembly. This study is expected to encourage the use of micellar catalysis for energetically less favorable chemical reactions.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Catalysis; Ketones; Micelles; Water
PubMed: 35670447
DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00638c -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2022In this study, we investigated the feasibility of detecting 35 urinary biomarkers of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure in community wastewater. 24-h composited...
In this study, we investigated the feasibility of detecting 35 urinary biomarkers of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure in community wastewater. 24-h composited municipal wastewater samples were collected from two communities (n = 8) in the southeastern US. Using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, results showed 16 metabolites were detected in wastewater samples, including indicators of exposure to acrolein, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, crotonaldehyde, n,n-dimethylformamide (DMF), ethylbenzene, nicotine, propylene oxide, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and xylene. Additional metabolites qualitatively identified exposure to acrylamide and trichloroethylene. Community 1 (closer proximity to manufacturing facilities) had a greater number of detects (n = 36) and higher VOC loadings, 22,000 mg day per 1000 people, as compared to Community 2 (n = 28), 7100 mg day per 1000 people. Normalizing to nicotine consumption biomarkers to account for differences in smoking behaviors, Community 1 continued to have higher levels of propylene oxide, crotonaldehyde, DMF, and acrylonitrile exposures, VOCs generally sourced from manufacturing activities and vehicle emissions. This is the first study to utilize wastewater to detect urinary biomarkers of VOCs exposure. These preliminary results suggest the WBE approach as a potentially powerful tool to assess community health exposures to indoor and outdoor air pollutants.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Air Pollutants; Biomarkers; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Nicotine; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wastewater; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring
PubMed: 35772546
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157008