-
Archives of Virology Jul 2017The poultry industry has emerged as one of the largest and fastest growing public sectors in the developed and developing countries. Unfortunately, this industry is... (Review)
Review
The poultry industry has emerged as one of the largest and fastest growing public sectors in the developed and developing countries. Unfortunately, this industry is under a major threat from diseases that are viral (Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, influenza, hydropericardium syndrome), bacterial (colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis), parasitic (coccidiosis, histoplasmosis) or nutritional (dyschondroplasia, osteoporosis). Among these diseases, hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is one of the important emerging diseases occurring in the specific areas of the world where broilers (chickens) are reared under intensive conditions. HPS was first observed in 1987 at Angara Goth, an area near Karachi, Pakistan, where broilers are raised. Since then, HPS has been reported in many countries of the world. From these reported cases, an adenovirus that was either isolated from or visualized electron microscopically in the liver of affected broilers has been implicated in the syndrome. The syndrome has been reproduced by inoculation of isolated fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains, and hence, the syndrome is also called infectious hydropericardium syndrome. To our knowledge, HPS has not been observed in humans, so it is not considered a zoonotic disease, but it is of economic importance and causes huge losses to the poultry industry. Efforts have been made to develop conventional vaccines against this disease, which were formulated from infected liver homogenate. Formalin-inactivated liver organ vaccines have failed to protect the poultry industry. Hence, there is a dire need to develop a suitable vaccine to combat this disease. Currently, recombinant vaccine candidates are being developed by using molecular biology and biotechnological approaches for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, including HPS. Therefore, it is suggested that the immunogenicity of these recombinant proteins should be evaluated for their use as subunit vaccines.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Fowl adenovirus A; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 28283816
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3313-5 -
Journal of Neurology Mar 2024Case-reports/series and cohorts of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) associated with COVID-19 vaccination have been reported. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Case-reports/series and cohorts of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) associated with COVID-19 vaccination have been reported.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of GBS after COVID-19 vaccination was carried out. Incidence and incidence rate ratio for a number of vaccine doses and risk of GBS, also considering the specific vaccine technology, were calculated in a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Of 554 citations retrieved, 518 were discarded as irrelevant. We finally included 15 studies. The random effect model yielded, regardless of the vaccine technology, 1.25 (95%CI 0.21; 2.83) GBS cases per million of COVID-19 vaccine doses, 3.93 (2.54; 5.54) cases per million doses for adenovirus-vectored vaccines and 0.69 (0.38; 1.06) cases per million doses for mRNA vaccines. The GBS risk was 2.6 times increased with the first dose. Regardless of the vaccine technology, the GBS risk was not increased but disaggregating the data it was 2.37 (1.67; 3.36) times increased for adenovirus-vectored vaccines and 0.32 (0.23; 0.47) for mRNA vaccines. Mortality for GBS after vaccination was 0.10 per million doses and 4.6 per GBS cases.
CONCLUSIONS
Adenovirus-vectored vaccines showed a 2.4 times increased risk of GBS that was about seven times higher compared with mRNA-based vaccines. The decreased GBS risk associated with mRNA vaccines was possibly due to an elicited reduction of infections, including SARS-CoV-2, associated with GBS during the vaccination period. How adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines may trigger GBS is unclear and further studies should investigate the relationship between vaccine technologies and GBS risk.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; mRNA Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 38233678
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12186-7 -
Pharmacological Research Jan 2022Renal carcinoma progresses aggressively in patients with metastatic disease while curative strategies are limited. Here, we constructed a recombinant non-replicating...
Renal carcinoma progresses aggressively in patients with metastatic disease while curative strategies are limited. Here, we constructed a recombinant non-replicating adenovirus (Ad) vaccine encoding an immune activator, CD137L, and a tumor antigen, CAIX, for treating renal carcinoma. In a subcutaneous tumor model, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in the Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine group compared with the single vaccine group. The induction and maturity of CD11C and CD8CD11C dendritic cell (DC) subsets were promoted in Ad-CD137L/CAIX co-immunized mice. Furthermore, the Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine elicited stronger tumor-specific multifunctional CD8 T cell immune responses as demonstrated by increased proliferation and cytolytic function of CD8 T cells. Notably, depletion of CD8 T cells greatly compromised the effective protection provided by Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine, suggesting an irreplaceable role of CD8 T cells for the immunopotency of the vaccine. In both lung metastatic and orthotopic models, Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine treatment significantly decreased tumor metastasis and progression and increased the induction of tumor-specific multifunctional CD8 T cells, in contrast to treatment with the Ad-CAIX vaccine alone. The Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine also augmented the tumor-specific multifunctional CD8 T cell immune response in both orthotopic and metastatic models. These results indicated that Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine elicited a potent anti-tumor activity by inducing CD8DC-mediated multifunctional CD8 T cell immune responses. The potential strategy of CD137L-based vaccine might be served as a novel treatment for renal carcinoma or other malignant tumors.
Topics: 4-1BB Ligand; Adenovirus Vaccines; Animals; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Carbonic Anhydrase IX; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Dendritic Cells; Female; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Interleukin-6; Kidney Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice
PubMed: 34915126
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106034 -
Cardiology in ReviewCOVID-19 is a prothrombotic and cardiac-damaging disease. There are 4 vaccines against COVID-19 currently approved in North America, including the mRNA vaccines by...
COVID-19 is a prothrombotic and cardiac-damaging disease. There are 4 vaccines against COVID-19 currently approved in North America, including the mRNA vaccines by Pfizer and Moderna, and the adenovirus vector vaccines by Johnson and Johnson and AstraZeneca. These vaccines have been proven effective in reducing morbidity and preventing mortality in patients who were exposed to COVID-19 infection, but the vaccines have also been associated with complications. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) has a similar pathogenesis to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, with an inappropriate immune response leading to platelet activation, consumption of platelets, and thrombosis. It appears to be more common with the adenovirus vector vaccines. Secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura has been reported with all COVID-19 vaccines and is distinct from VITT because there is no sign of platelet activation or thrombotic events. Myocarditis and pericarditis are often reported in young males following mRNA vaccines and is often associated with a full recovery. The long-term effects of VITT, secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura, myocarditis, and pericarditis secondary to COVID-19 vaccines have yet to be elucidated. Continued surveillance for these complications after vaccination is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management. Patients should consult their physicians regarding repeated vaccine doses after experiencing an adverse effect.
PubMed: 35576367
DOI: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000457 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2017Nonpathogenic fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) are amenable for engineering multivalent vaccine platforms due to large stretches of nonessential DNA sequences in their genomes....
Nonpathogenic fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) are amenable for engineering multivalent vaccine platforms due to large stretches of nonessential DNA sequences in their genomes. We describe the generation of FAdV-9-based vaccine platforms by targeted homologous recombination in an infectious clone (pPacFAdV-9 or wild type FAdmid) containing the entire viral genome in a cosmid vector. The viral DNA is subsequently released from the cosmid by restriction enzyme digestion followed by transfection in a chicken hepatoma cell line (CH-SAH). Virus is harvested, propagated, and verified for foreign gene expression.
Topics: Animals; Aviadenovirus; Cell Line, Tumor; Chickens; Cosmids; Genetic Vectors; Genome, Viral; Transfection; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 28374242
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6869-5_3 -
Vaccine Jan 2015The use of vaccines is an effective and relatively inexpensive means of controlling infectious diseases, which cause heavy economic losses to the livestock industry... (Review)
Review
The use of vaccines is an effective and relatively inexpensive means of controlling infectious diseases, which cause heavy economic losses to the livestock industry through animal loss, decreased productivity, treatment expenses and decreased carcass quality. However, some vaccines produced by conventional means are imperfect in many respects including virulence, safety and efficacy. Moreover, there are no vaccines for some animal diseases. Although genetic engineering has provided new ways of producing effective vaccines, the cost of production for veterinary use is a critical criterion for selecting the method of production and delivery of vaccines. The cost effective production and intrinsic ability to enter cells has made adenovirus vectors a highly efficient tool for delivery of vaccine antigens. Moreover, adenoviruses induce both humoral and cellular immune responses to expressed vaccine antigens. Since nonhuman adenoviruses are species specific, the development of animal specific adenoviruses as vaccine delivery vectors is being evaluated. This review summarizes the work related to the development of bovine adenovirus-3 as a vaccine delivery vehicle in animals, particularly cattle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Drug Carriers; Drug Discovery; Genetic Vectors; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Mastadenovirus; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Synthetic; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 25498212
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.055 -
The American Journal of Case Reports Feb 2022BACKGROUND Since December 2020, multiple vaccines have mobilized mass immunization campaigns capable of mitigating the current SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson...
BACKGROUND Since December 2020, multiple vaccines have mobilized mass immunization campaigns capable of mitigating the current SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) is a recombinant, replication-incompetent vector vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike (s) protein and is especially protective against severe-critical disease. It is a single-dose injection; adverse effects after vaccine administration are usually mild and self-limited, including pain at the injection site, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, and nausea. Severe adverse events involving hospitalization and death after Ad26.COV2.S rarely occur. However, not unlike previous viral vector vaccines, ongoing clinical trials may unveil rare complications of Ad26.COV2.S. Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune demyelinating polyneuropathy that can potentially manifest severe neurological symptoms after vaccination. CASE REPORT This report describes a case of classic GBS features that manifested 14 days after a single Ad26.COV2.S vaccine injection. The patient developed flaccid paralysis with treatment-related fluctuations. Our findings warrant further investigation into the potential relationship between SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and the development of GBS. CONCLUSIONS A temporal association between the Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) vaccine and the onset of GBS was demonstrated in this case report. A feasible underlying pathogenic mechanism involves the cross-reactivity of antibodies stimulated by adenovirus vaccine components and peripheral nerve glycoproteins. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to support a causal relationship between Ad26.COV2.S and the development of GBS. Further evidence gathered from clinician surveillance and clinical trials are needed to draw these conclusions.
Topics: Ad26COVS1; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination
PubMed: 35157644
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.935275 -
Vaccine Jun 2023During the COVID-19 pandemic multiple vaccines were rapidly developed and widely used throughout the world. At present there is very little information on COVID-19...
BACKGROUND
During the COVID-19 pandemic multiple vaccines were rapidly developed and widely used throughout the world. At present there is very little information on COVID-19 vaccine interactions with primary human immune cells such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (moDCs).
METHODS
Human PBMCs, macrophages and moDCs were stimulated with different COVID-19 vaccines, and the expression of interferon (IFN-λ1, IFN-α1), pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, CXCL-4, CXCL-10, TNF-α) and Th1-type cytokine mRNAs (IL-2, IFN-γ) were analyzed by qPCR. In addition, the expression of vaccine induced spike (S) protein and antiviral molecules were studied in primary immune cells and in A549 lung epithelial cells.
RESULTS
Adenovirus vector (Ad-vector) vaccine AZD1222 induced high levels of IFN-λ1, IFN-α1, CXCL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNAs in PBMCs at early time points of stimulation while the expression of IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA took place at later times. AZD1222 also induced IFN-λ1, CXCL-10 and IL-6 mRNA expression in monocyte-derived macrophages and DCs in a dose-dependent fashion. AZD1222 also activated the phosphorylation of IRF3 and induced MxA expression. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 mRNA vaccines failed to induce or induced very weak cytokine gene expression in all cell models. None of the vaccines enhanced the expression of CXCL-4. AZD1222 and mRNA-1273 vaccines induced high expression of S protein in all studied cells.
CONCLUSIONS
Ad-vector vaccine induces higher IFN and pro-inflammatory responses than the mRNA vaccines in human immune cells. This data shows that AZD1222 readily activates IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in PBMCs, macrophages and DCs, but fails to further enhance CXCL-4 mRNA expression.
Topics: Humans; Interferons; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; COVID-19 Vaccines; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; mRNA Vaccines; BNT162 Vaccine; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6; Pandemics; Dendritic Cells; COVID-19; Cytokines; Macrophages; Vaccines; RNA, Messenger; Adenoviridae
PubMed: 37142461
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.049 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Mar 2015Adenoviruses (Ads) have attracted researchers from across the disciplines for several reasons. Their ability to recombine with and express the heterologous genes... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Adenoviruses (Ads) have attracted researchers from across the disciplines for several reasons. Their ability to recombine with and express the heterologous genes encouraged their development as gene/vaccine delivery vectors. Preclinical and clinical trials using these vectors have shown significant promise for their future development while highlighting certain limitations.
AREAS COVERED
Ad vector development, clinical application of these vectors in gene therapy and vaccine development, and promises that these vectors offered for future development are discussed. Also, various factors affecting their in vivo efficacy as well as the strategies being pursued to overcome these obstacles are described.
EXPERT OPINION
Decades of efforts have resulted in understanding various aspects of human Ad 5 biology as well as the in vivo behavior of vectors derived from this serotype. While this vector has shown great potential, some of the limitations highlighted in recent studies have reinforced the quest for an ideal vector derived from novel Ads. Combinatorial approaches to address the various limitations of the existing vectors must be pursued to develop novel vectors with enhanced clinical potential.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 25529044
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.993374 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Feb 2018Traditional inactivated and protein vaccines generate strong antibodies, but struggle to generate T cell responses. Attenuated pathogen vaccines generate both, but risk... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Traditional inactivated and protein vaccines generate strong antibodies, but struggle to generate T cell responses. Attenuated pathogen vaccines generate both, but risk causing the disease they aim to prevent. Newer gene-based vaccines drive both responses and avoid the risk of infection. While these replication-defective (RD) vaccines work well in small animals, they can be weak in humans because they do not replicate antigen genes like more potent replication-competent (RC) vaccines. RC vaccines generate substantially stronger immune responses, but also risk causing their own infections. To circumvent these problems, we developed single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ad) vectors that amplify vaccine genes, but that avoid the risk of infection. This review will discuss these vectors and their prospects for use as vaccines.
AREAS COVERED
This review provides a background of different types of vaccines. The benefits of gene-based vaccines and their ability to replicate antigen genes are described. Adenovirus vectors are discussed and compared to other vaccine types. Replication-defective, single-cycle, and replication-competent Ad vaccines are compared.
EXPERT COMMENTARY
The potential utility of these vaccines are discussed when used against infectious diseases and as cancer vaccines. We propose a move away from replication-defective vaccines towards more robust replication-competent or single-cycle vaccines.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Cancer Vaccines; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Proteins; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 29251011
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1419067