-
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021, a common conditional pathogenic bacteria, is widely distributed in the environment and causes gastroenteritis in humans or septicemia in fish. Of all species, is the...
, a common conditional pathogenic bacteria, is widely distributed in the environment and causes gastroenteritis in humans or septicemia in fish. Of all species, is the most frequently isolated from human infections especially in immunocompromised subjects. Innate immunity is the first protection system of organism to resist non-specific pathogens invasion; however, the immune response process of hosts against infection re\mains unexplored. The present study established an infection model using primary mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMφs). The adherence and cytotoxicity of on PMφs were determined by May-Grünwald Giemsa staining and LDH release measurement. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels were measured using qPCR, western blotting, and ELISA methods. We also investigated the levels of ASC oligomerization and determined the roles of active caspase-1 in IL-1β secretion through inhibition assays and explored the activated pattern recognition receptors through immunofluorescence. We further elucidated the roles of activated inflammasome in regulating the host's inflammatory response through inhibition combined with ELISA assays. Our results showed that induced lytic cell death and LDH release, whereas it had no adhesive properties on PMφs. triggered various proinflammatory cytokine transcription level upregulation, and IL-1β occupied the highest levels. The pro-IL-1β protein expression levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with MOI ranging from 1 to 100. This process was regulated by ASC-dependent inflammasome, which cleavage pro-IL-1β into active IL-1β p17 with activated caspase-1 p20. Meanwhile, the expression levels of NLRP3 receptor significantly increased, location analysis revealed puncta-like surrounding nuclear, and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome downregulated caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. Blocking of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through K efflux and cathepsin B or caspase approaches downregulated -induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Overall, these data indicated that induced proinflammatory cytokine production in PMφs through activating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Caspase 1; Cytokines; Inflammasomes; Interleukin-1beta; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Mice; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
PubMed: 34513725
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.691445 -
Veterinary World Jan 2017This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of spp. in raw and ready-to-eat (RTE) fish commonly consumed in Assiut city, Egypt, and to determine virulence factors...
AIM
This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of spp. in raw and ready-to-eat (RTE) fish commonly consumed in Assiut city, Egypt, and to determine virulence factors due to they play a key role in their pathogenicity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 125 samples of raw and RTE fish samples were taken from different fish markets and fish restaurants in Assiut Governorate and screened for the presence of spp. by enrichment on tryptic soy broth then incubated at 30°C for 24 h. Plating unto the sterile Petri dishes containing agar base to which selective supplement was added. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Presumptive colonies were biochemically confirmed and analyzed for pathogenicity by hemolysin production, protease, and lipase detection.
RESULTS
The results indicated that raw fish were contaminated with spp. (40% in wild and 36% in cultured Nile tilapia). Regarding RTE, spp. could be isolated with the percentage of 16%, 28% and 20% in fried Bolti, grilled Bolti and fried Bayad, respectively. Out of 35 isolates obtained, 22 were categorized as , 12 were classified as and were found in only one isolate. The virulence factors of spp. were detected and the results showed that all isolates produced of hemolysin (91.4%), protease (77.1%), and lipase enzyme (17.1%).
CONCLUSION
This study indicates that the presence of with virulence potential in fresh and RTE fish may be a major threat to public health.
PubMed: 28246446
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.34-37 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022The uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastes causes the accumulation of high heavy metal concentrations in soil and water, leading to many health issues. In the...
The uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastes causes the accumulation of high heavy metal concentrations in soil and water, leading to many health issues. In the present study, a Gram-negative Aeromonas sobria was isolated from heavily contaminated soil in the Tanjaro area, southwest of Sulaymaniyah city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; then, we assessed its ability to uptake heavy metals. A. sobria was molecularly identified based on the partial amplification of 16S rRNA using novel primers. The sequence was aligned with 33 strains to analyze phylogenetic relationships by maximum likelihood. Based on maximum tolerance concentration (MTC), A. sobria could withstand Zn, Cu, and Ni at concentrations of 5, 6, and 8 mM, respectively. ICP-OES data confirmed that A. sobria reduced 54.89% (0.549 mM) of the Cu, 62.33% (0.623 mM) of the Ni, and 36.41% (0.364 mM) of the Zn after 72 h in the culture medium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that A. sobria accumulated both Cu and Ni, whereas biosorption was suggested for the Zn. These findings suggest that metal-resistant A. sobria could be a promising candidate for heavy metal bioremediation in polluted areas. However, more broadly, research is required to assess the feasibility of exploiting A. sobria in situ.
Topics: RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Phylogeny; Iraq; Metals, Heavy
PubMed: 36481784
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25781-3 -
Heliyon Sep 2023Finding eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in treating bacterial diseases affecting the aquaculture sector is essential. Herbal plants are promising alternatives,...
Finding eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in treating bacterial diseases affecting the aquaculture sector is essential. Herbal plants are promising alternatives, especially when combined with nanomaterials. Neem () leaves extract was synthesized using a chitosan nanocapsule. Chitosan neem nanocapsule (CNNC) was tested in- and in- against the () challenge in Nile tilapia. A preliminary experiment with 120 Nile tilapia was conducted to determine the therapeutic dose of CNNC, which was established to be 1 mg/L. A treatment study was applied for seven days using 200 fish categorized into four groups (10 fish/replicate: 50 fish/group). The first (control) and second (CNNC) groups were treated with 0 and 1 mg/L CNNC in water without being challenged. The third () and fourth (CNNC + ) groups were treated with 0 and 1 mg/L CNNC, respectively, and challenged with (1 × 10 CFU/mL). Interestingly, CNNC had an in- antibacterial activity against ; the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of CNNC against were 6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. challenge caused behavioral alterations, skin hemorrhage, fin rot, and reduced survivability (60%). The infected fish suffered a noticeable elevation in the malondialdehyde level and hepato-renal function markers (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine). Moreover, a clear depletion in the level of the antioxidant and immune indicators (catalase, reduced glutathione, lysozymes, nitric oxide, and complement 3) was obvious in the group. Treatment of the challenged fish with 1 mg/L CNNC recovered these parameters and enhanced fish survivability. Overall, CNNC can be used as a new versatile tool at 1 mg/L as a water treatment for combating the challenge for sustainable aquaculture production.
PubMed: 37662722
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19354 -
PloS One 2019Aeromonas sobria is a pathogen causing food-borne illness. In immunocompromised patients and the elderly, A. sobria can leave the intestinal tract, and this...
Aeromonas sobria is a pathogen causing food-borne illness. In immunocompromised patients and the elderly, A. sobria can leave the intestinal tract, and this opportunistically leads to severe extraintestinal diseases including sepsis, peritonitis, and meningitis. To cause such extraintestinal diseases, A. sobria must pass through the intestinal epithelial barrier. The mechanism of such bacterial translocation has not been established. Herein we used intestinal (T84) cultured cells to investigate the effect of A. sobria serine protease (ASP) on junctional complexes that maintain the intercellular adhesion of the intestinal epithelium. When several A. sobria strains were inoculated into T84 monolayer grown on Transwell inserts, the strain with higher ASP production largely decreased the value of transepithelial electrical resistance exhibited by the T84 monolayer and markedly caused bacterial translocation from the apical surface into the basolateral side of T84 monolayer. Further experiments revealed that ASP acts on adherens junctions (AJs) and causes the destruction of both nectin-2 and afadin, which are protein components constituting AJs. Other studies have not revealed the bacterial pathogenic factors that cause the destruction of both nectin-2 and afadin, and our present results thus provide the first report that the bacterial extracellular protease ASP affects these molecules. We speculate that the destruction of nectin-2 and afadin by the action of ASP increases the ability of A. sobria to pass through intestinal epithelial tissue and contributes to the severity of pathological conditions.
Topics: Aeromonas; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Translocation; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Line; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Kinesins; Myosins; Nectins; Serine Proteases
PubMed: 31419250
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221344 -
Surgical Infections Apr 2022Monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis caused by , , and are often associated with high mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to compare the independent...
Monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis caused by , , and are often associated with high mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to compare the independent predictors related to outcomes between and species necrotizing fasciitis. Monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis caused by (60 patients) and species (31 patients) over an 11-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Differences in mortality, patient characteristics, clinical presentations, and laboratory data were compared between the and species groups, and between the death and the survival subgroups of patients with species. Six patients in the group (10%) and 11 in the species group (32.3%) died. Fifty-nine patents had bacteremia and 16 patients died (27.1%). Patients who had had a higher incidence of bacteremia. The patients who had species presenting with bacteremia were significantly associated with death. The death subgroup of patients with necrotizing fasciitis had a higher incidence of bacteremia, higher counts of banded leukocytes, lower platelet counts, lower total lymphocyte counts, and lower serum albumin level than the survival subgroup. Monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis caused by species was characterized by more fulminating and higher mortality than that of , even after early fasciotomy and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic therapy. Those risk factors, such as bacteremia, shock, lower platelet counts, lower albumin levels, and antibiotic resistance were associated with mortality, which should alert clinicians to pay more attention to and aggressively treat those patients with and necrotizing fasciitis.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aeromonas hydrophila; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Sepsis; Treatment Outcome; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 35180367
DOI: 10.1089/sur.2021.337 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Transcriptome analysis is a powerful tool that enables a deep understanding of complicated physiological pathways, including immune responses. RNA sequencing... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Transcriptome analysis is a powerful tool that enables a deep understanding of complicated physiological pathways, including immune responses. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)-based transcriptome analysis and various bioinformatics tools have also been used to study non-model animals, including aquaculture species for which reference genomes are not available. Rapid developments in these techniques have not only accelerated investigations into the process of pathogenic infection and defense strategies in fish, but also used to identify immunity-related genes in fish. These findings will contribute to fish immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections through the design of more specific and effective immune stimulants, adjuvants, and vaccines. Until now, there has been little information regarding the universality and diversity of immune reactions against pathogenic infection in fish. Therefore, one of the aims of this paper is to introduce the RNA-Seq technique for examination of immune responses in pathogen-infected fish. This review also aims to highlight comparative studies of immune responses against bacteria, based on our previous findings in largemouth bass () against , gray mullet () against , orange-spotted grouper () against , and koi carp () against , using RNA-seq techniques. We demonstrated that only 39 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were present in all species. However, the number of specific DEGs in each species was relatively higher than that of common DEGs; 493 DEGs in largemouth bass against , 819 DEGs in mullets against , 909 in groupers against , and 1471 in carps against . The DEGs in different fish species were also representative of specific immune-related pathways. The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the immune responses of fish, and will aid in the development of effective vaccines, therapies, and disease-resistant strains.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Profiling; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 30804945
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00153 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Sep 2014Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria is a rare cause of bacteremia, with several studies indicating that this isolate may be of particular clinical significance since it is... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria is a rare cause of bacteremia, with several studies indicating that this isolate may be of particular clinical significance since it is enterotoxin producing. A wide spectrum of infections has been associated with Aeromonas species in developing countries that include gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia and lung infections. This infection, caused by Aeromonas species, is usually more severe in immunocompromised than immunocompetent individuals. We here describe a case of soft tissue infection and severe sepsis due to Aeromonas sobria in an immunocompromised patient.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 74-year-old Caucasian man with a clinical history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and immune thrombocytopenia, periodically treated with steroids, was admitted to our Intensive Care Unit because of necrotizing fasciitis and multiorgan failure due to Aeromonas sobria, which resulted in his death. The unfortunate coexistence of a Candida albicans infection played a key role in the clinical course.
CONCLUSION
Our experience suggests that early recognition and aggressive medical and surgical therapy are determinants in the treatment of severe septicemia caused by an Aeromonas sobria in an immunocompromised patient.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aged; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Leg; Male; Multiple Organ Failure; Radiography; Sepsis; Soft Tissue Infections
PubMed: 25245365
DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-315 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2017is a mesophilic motile aeromonad currently depicted as an opportunistic pathogen, despite increasing evidence of mutualistic interactions in salmonid fish. However, the...
is a mesophilic motile aeromonad currently depicted as an opportunistic pathogen, despite increasing evidence of mutualistic interactions in salmonid fish. However, the determinants of its host-microbe associations, either mutualistic or pathogenic, remain less understood than for other aeromonad species. On one side, there is an over-representation of pathogenic interactions in the literature, of which only three articles to date report mutualistic interactions; on the other side, genomic characterization of this species is still fairly incomplete as only two draft genomes were published prior to the present work. Consequently, no study specifically investigated the biodiversity of . In fact, the investigation of as a species complex may have been clouded by: (i) confusion with biovar because of their similar biochemical profiles, and (ii) the intrinsic low resolution of previous studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and multilocus sequence typing. So far, the only high-resolution, phylogenomic studies of the genus included one strain (CECT 4245 / Popoff 208), making it impossible to robustly conclude on the phylogenetic intra-species diversity and the positioning among other species. To further understand the biodiversity and the spectrum of host-microbe interactions in as well as its potential genomic diversity, we assessed the genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity among five strains: two clinical isolates recovered from infected fish (JF2635 and CECT 4245), one from an infected amphibian (08005) and two recently isolated brook charr probionts (TM12 and TM18) which inhibit growth of subsp. (a salmonid fish pathogen). A phylogenomic assessment including 2,154 softcore genes corresponding to 946,687 variable sites from 33 genomes confirms the status of as a distinct species divided in two subclades, with 100% bootstrap support. The phylogenomic split of in two subclades is corroborated by a deep dichotomy between all five strains in terms of inhibitory effect against subsp. , gene contents and codon usage. Finally, the antagonistic effect of strains TM12 and TM18 suggests novel control methods against subsp. .
PubMed: 29276504
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02434 -
BMC Nephrology May 2019Peritonitis is a common cause of catheter removal and mortality in the patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Various pathogenic organisms have been identified as... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Peritonitis is a common cause of catheter removal and mortality in the patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Various pathogenic organisms have been identified as the etiology of PD-related peritonitis, among which Aeromonas sobria is a rare one. Several studies have indicated that Aeromonas sobria might be of particular clinical significance because of its enterotoxin production. We here present a case of peritonitis due to Aeromonas sobria in a PD patient and review of the related literature.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 37-year-old man with chronic renal failure who was secondary to chronic glomerulonephritis had been on PD for approximately 6 months without any episode of peritonitis. In July 2015, he was admitted to the hospital for fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and cloudy dialysate several hours after eating stinky tofu. The peritoneal effluent culture yielded Aeromonas sobria. The patient was given intraperitoneal amikacin and intravenous levofloxacin for 10 days. And the patient's symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain were relieved and the cloudy effluent turned to be clear. Unfortunately, peritoneal dialysis catheter was blocked because of fibrin clot formation in the setting of inflammation, and finally it was removed.
CONCLUSIONS
Aeromonas species are rare causes of PD-related peritonitis, however they should not be ignored. Clinicians should be aware of monitoring the hygiene protocol and retraining patients at regular intervals, especially for such rare cases.
Topics: Adult; Aeromonas; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis
PubMed: 31109291
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1361-7