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The Journal of School Health Jul 2022Breakfast after the bell (BAB), an alternative way to deliver breakfast after the school day begins, has been shown to increase participation in the School Breakfast...
BACKGROUND
Breakfast after the bell (BAB), an alternative way to deliver breakfast after the school day begins, has been shown to increase participation in the School Breakfast Program. However, BAB occupies time that could otherwise be used for instruction and may affect academic performance. This study examined whether BAB affects math and literacy scores in third grade, an age not adequately studied in earlier literature.
METHODS
Using data on Arkansas students, we compared schools adopting BAB to corresponding "synthetic" control schools by minimizing preadoption differences in observables that can influence test scores.
RESULTS
We found little evidence of positive or negative effects on test scores. We also found little evidence of meaningful program effects over subsamples of schools by district enrollment size and BAB delivery method. Schools that adopted grab-and-go delivery and schools in districts with small enrollments, less than 600 students, showed statistically negative effects on math after BAB adoption. However, these effects were transitory and no longer present by the time the first fully exposed cohort reached third grade.
CONCLUSIONS
BAB can be incorporated into the school day without adversely impacting academic achievement, especially if adopting schools seek input from educators and nutrition personnel already experienced with BAB.
Topics: Academic Performance; Breakfast; Child; Food Services; Humans; Schools; Students
PubMed: 35289398
DOI: 10.1111/josh.13174 -
Nutrients Oct 2023Previously, it has been indicated that oat polar lipids included in a liquid meal may have the potential to beneficially modulate various cardiometabolic variables. The... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Inclusion of Oat Polar Lipids in a Solid Breakfast Improves Glucose Tolerance, Triglyceridemia, and Gut Hormone Responses Postprandially and after a Standardized Second Meal: A Randomized Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects.
Previously, it has been indicated that oat polar lipids included in a liquid meal may have the potential to beneficially modulate various cardiometabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oat polar lipids in a solid food matrix on acute and second meal glucose tolerance, blood lipids, and concentrations of gut-derived hormones. The oat polar lipids were consumed at breakfast and effects on the biomarkers were investigated in the postprandial period and following a standardized lunch. Twenty young, healthy subjects consumed in total four different breakfast meals in a crossover study design. The breakfasts consisted of 1. White wheat bread (WWB) with an added 7.5 g of oat polar lipids (PLL); 2. WWB with an added 15 g of oat polar lipids (PLH); 3. WWB with and added 16.6 g of rapeseed oil (RSO) as a representative of commonly consumed oils; and 4. WWB consumed alone, included as a reference. All products with added lipids contained equivalent amounts of fat (16.6 g) and available carbohydrates (50 g). Rapeseed oil was added to the oat polar lipid meals to equal 16.6 g of total fat. The standardized lunch was composed of WWB and meatballs and was served 3.5 h after the breakfast. Test variables (blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP) were measured at fasting and repeatedly during the 5.5 h after ingestion of the breakfast. After breakfast, PLH substantially lowered postprandial glucose and insulin responses (iAUC 0-120 min) compared with RSO and WWB ( < 0.05). Furthermore, a reduced glycaemic response to lunch (210-330 min) was observed following the PLH breakfast compared to all of the other breakfasts served ( < 0.05). Oat polar lipids (PLH) significantly reduced TG and ghrelin and increased circulating gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY compared to RSO ( < 0.05). The results show that exchanging part of the dietary lipids with oat polar lipids has the potential to improve postprandial blood glucose regulation and gut hormones and thus may have a preventive effect against type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Ghrelin; Breakfast; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Avena; Healthy Volunteers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Rapeseed Oil; Dietary Fiber; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Meals; Insulin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Lipids; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37892464
DOI: 10.3390/nu15204389 -
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Aug 2016The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI.... (Review)
Review
The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Athletic Performance; Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Ghrelin; Humans
PubMed: 26653842
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115004243 -
European Journal of Applied Physiology Sep 2019Previous research has reported inconsistent effects of hypoxia on substrate oxidation, which may be due to differences in methodological design, such as pre-exercise...
PURPOSE
Previous research has reported inconsistent effects of hypoxia on substrate oxidation, which may be due to differences in methodological design, such as pre-exercise nutritional status and exercise intensity. This study investigated the effect of breakfast consumption on substrate oxidation at varying exercise intensities in normobaric hypoxia compared with normoxia.
METHODS
Twelve participants rested and exercised once after breakfast consumption and once after omission in normobaric hypoxia (4300 m: FO ~ 11.7%) and normoxia. Exercise consisted of walking for 20 min at 40%, 50% and 60% of altitude-specific [Formula: see text]O at 10-15% gradient with a 10 kg backpack. Indirect calorimetry was used to calculate carbohydrate and fat oxidation.
RESULTS
The relative contribution of carbohydrate oxidation to energy expenditure was significantly reduced in hypoxia compared with normoxia during exercise after breakfast omission at 40% (22.4 ± 17.5% vs. 38.5 ± 15.5%, p = 0.03) and 60% [Formula: see text]O (35.4 ± 12.4 vs. 50.1 ± 17.6%, p = 0.03), with a trend observed at 50% [Formula: see text]O (23.6 ± 17.9% vs. 38.1 ± 17.0%, p = 0.07). The relative contribution of carbohydrate oxidation to energy expenditure was not significantly different in hypoxia compared with normoxia during exercise after breakfast consumption at 40% (42.4 ± 15.7% vs. 48.5 ± 13.3%, p = 0.99), 50% (43.1 ± 11.7% vs. 47.1 ± 14.0%, p = 0.99) and 60% [Formula: see text]O (54.6 ± 17.8% vs. 55.1 ± 15.0%, p = 0.99).
CONCLUSIONS
Relative carbohydrate oxidation was significantly reduced in hypoxia compared with normoxia during exercise after breakfast omission but not during exercise after breakfast consumption. This response remained consistent with increasing exercise intensities. These findings may explain some of the disparity in the literature.
Topics: Adult; Altitude; Breakfast; Carbohydrates; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Young Adult
PubMed: 31270614
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04179-6 -
Nutrition & Metabolism Jan 2021The association between breakfast skipping and abnormal metabolic outcomes remains controversial. A comprehensive study with various stratified data is required.
BACKGROUND
The association between breakfast skipping and abnormal metabolic outcomes remains controversial. A comprehensive study with various stratified data is required.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between abnormal metabolic outcomes and breakfast skipping by sex, age, and work status stratification.
METHODS
We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2013 to 2018. A total of 21,193 (9022 men and 12,171 women) participants were included in the final analysis. The risk of metabolic outcomes linked to breakfast skipping was estimated using the negative binomial regression analysis by sex, work status, and age stratification.
RESULTS
A total of 11,952 (56.4%) participants consumed breakfast regularly. The prevalence of abnormal metabolic outcomes was higher among those with irregular breakfast consumption habits. Among young male workers, negative binomial regression analysis showed that irregular breakfast eaters had a higher risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes, after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.27).
CONCLUSIONS
The risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes was significant in young men in the working population. Further studies are required to understand the association of specific working conditions (working hours or shift work) with breakfast intake status and the risk of metabolic diseases.
PubMed: 33413444
DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00526-z -
The British Journal of Nutrition Aug 2019Breakfast skipping has become an increasing trend in the modern lifestyle and may play a role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In our previous studies in healthy young... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Breakfast skipping has become an increasing trend in the modern lifestyle and may play a role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In our previous studies in healthy young individuals, a single incident of breakfast skipping increased the overall 24-h blood glucose and elevated the postprandial glycaemic response after lunch; however, it was difficult to determine whether this response was due to breakfast omission or the extra energy (i.e. lunch plus breakfast contents). The present study aimed to assess the postprandial glycaemic response and to measure their hormone levels when healthy young individuals had identical lunch and dinner, and the 24-h average blood glucose as a secondary outcome. Nine healthy young men (19-24 years) participated in two-meal trials: with breakfast (three-meal condition) or without breakfast (breakfast skipping condition). During the meals, each individual's blood glucose was continuously monitored. Skipping breakfast resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0·001) glycaemic response after lunch as compared with the glycaemic response after an identical lunch when breakfast was consumed. Despite the difference in the total energy intake, the 24-h average blood glucose was similar between the two-meal conditions (P = 0·179). Plasma NEFA level was significantly higher (P < 0·05) after lunch when breakfast was omitted, and NEFA level positively correlated with the postprandial glycaemic response (r 0·631, P < 0·01). In conclusion, a single incident of breakfast skipping increases postprandial hyperglycaemia, and associated impaired insulin response, after lunch. The present study showed that skipping breakfast influences glucose regulation even in healthy young individuals.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Male; Meals; Postprandial Period; Young Adult
PubMed: 31486356
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114519001235 -
The Journal of Nutrition Apr 2023There has been little investigation into how the timing of meals and eating occasions associates with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
There has been little investigation into how the timing of meals and eating occasions associates with postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the association between the frequency of consuming breakfast meals and after-dinner snacks with the risk for postmenopausal breast cancer.
METHODS
A prospective analysis of 74,825 postmenopausal women aged 49 to 81 y from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort. Breakfast and after-dinner snack intake were assessed at year 1 examination. Risk for invasive and in situ breast cancer diagnosed before 28 February 2020 was modeled with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models according to breakfast and after-dinner snack consumption frequencies. The models were adjusted for age, self-identified race/ethnicity, education, income, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, diet quality score (Healthy Eating Index 2015), energy intake, diabetic status, hormone therapy, and BMI.
RESULTS
During the follow-up period, 5313 participants were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and 1197 participants with in situ breast cancer. Compared with participants who did not eat breakfast, those with daily breakfast consumption was not associated with invasive breast cancer (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.9, 1.19) nor in situ (HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.74) breast cancer. There were monotonic higher point estimates of in situ breast cancer for each higher category of breakfast intake from 0 to 7 times per week (P-trend = 0.04, Wald test). Compared with consumption of daily after-dinner snacks, avoidance of after-dinner snacks was not associated with invasive breast cancer (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.08) nor in situ (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.42) breast cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
There was no association between intake frequency of breakfast meals or after-dinner snack habits and with risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breakfast; Snacks; Breast Neoplasms; Postmenopause; Feeding Behavior; Meals; Energy Intake; Women's Health
PubMed: 36828152
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.003 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Apr 2021This study investigated the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on substrate oxidation during exercise in hypoxia after preexercise breakfast consumption and omission.
PURPOSE
This study investigated the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on substrate oxidation during exercise in hypoxia after preexercise breakfast consumption and omission.
METHODS
Eleven men walked in normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 ~11.7%) for 90 min at 50% of hypoxic V˙O2max. Participants were supplemented with a carbohydrate beverage (1.2 g·min-1 glucose) and a placebo beverage (both enriched with U-13C6 D-glucose) after breakfast consumption and after omission. Indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used to calculate carbohydrate (exogenous and endogenous [muscle and liver]) and fat oxidation.
RESULTS
In the first 60 min of exercise, there was no significant change in relative substrate oxidation in the carbohydrate compared with placebo trial after breakfast consumption or omission (both P = 0.99). In the last 30 min of exercise, increased relative carbohydrate oxidation occurred in the carbohydrate compared with placebo trial after breakfast omission (44.0 ± 8.8 vs 28.0 ± 12.3, P < 0.01) but not consumption (51.7 ± 12.3 vs 44.2 ± 10.4, P = 0.38). In the same period, a reduction in relative liver (but not muscle) glucose oxidation was observed in the carbohydrate compared with placebo trials after breakfast consumption (liver, 7.7% ± 1.6% vs 14.8% ± 2.3%, P < 0.01; muscle, 25.4% ± 9.4% vs 29.4% ± 11.1%, P = 0.99) and omission (liver, 3.8% ± 0.8% vs 8.7% ± 2.8%, P < 0.01; muscle, 19.4% ± 7.5% vs 19.2% ± 12.2%, P = 0.99). No significant difference in relative exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was observed between breakfast consumption and omission trials (P = 0.14).
CONCLUSION
In acute normobaric hypoxia, carbohydrate supplementation increased relative carbohydrate oxidation during exercise (>60 min) after breakfast omission, but not consumption.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Breath Tests; Calorimetry, Indirect; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glycogen; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypoxia; Lactic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxidation-Reduction; Placebos; Time Factors; Walking; Young Adult
PubMed: 33044437
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002536 -
Journal of Atherosclerosis and... Sep 2023Little is known regarding the association between breakfast type and cardiovascular mortality. We examined the associations between breakfast type and risks of mortality...
AIM
Little is known regarding the association between breakfast type and cardiovascular mortality. We examined the associations between breakfast type and risks of mortality from stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and total cardiovascular disease (CVD).
METHODS
A total of 85,319 males and females aged 40 to 79 years who were free from CVD and cancers at baseline were involved in this study. The participants were divided into five groups according to their self-reported breakfast types: Japanese breakfast, Western breakfast, mixed Japanese-Western breakfast, other breakfast, and skipping breakfast groups. All hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models after adjusting for the potential confounding factors.
RESULTS
During the median 19-year follow-up, we identified CVD deaths of 5,870 subjects. Compared to the Japanese breakfast, the multivariable HRs (95% CIs) of total CVD were 0.64 (0.52-0.79) for mixed Japanese-Western breakfast, 0.90 (0.77-1.04) for Western breakfast, 1.24 (0.95-1.61) for other breakfast, and 1.31 (1.00-1.71) for skipping breakfast. The corresponding HRs (95% CIs) of total stroke were 0.67 (0.49-0.91), 0.83 (0.66-1.05), 1.15 (0.76-1.74), and 1.25 (0.82-1.92), and those of CHD were 0.73 (0.48-1.12), 1.08 (0.81-1.44), 1.09 (0.60-1.98), and 1.77 (1.11-2.83).
CONCLUSION
Compared to Japanese breakfast, mixed Japanese-Western breakfast may have a protective role in cardiovascular mortality whereas skipping breakfast may harm cardiovascular health.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Cohort Studies; Japan; Breakfast; Prospective Studies; Stroke; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36543187
DOI: 10.5551/jat.63564 -
Research Quarterly For Exercise and... Jun 2022: The acute effects of fasting interventions on metabolic dynamics have been widely investigated. However, knowledge about the acute effect of overnight fasting on...
: The acute effects of fasting interventions on metabolic dynamics have been widely investigated. However, knowledge about the acute effect of overnight fasting on hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic modulation is limited, especially during and after exercise. Our objective was to investigate the effects of breakfast omission on hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic modulation during different stress conditions. : Twenty-one young men [age: 20.3 (20.1, 26.5 years); body mass index: 22.7 (21.4, 24.4 kg/m)] underwent resting and postexercise blood pressure assessments and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, using the SD1 and SD2 indices of Poincaré plots, at rest in supine and standing positions, every 10 minutes during moderate cardiorespiratory training and every 10 minutes throughout the postexercise recovery phase, for a total of 30 minutes for each phase (exercise and recovery). All measurements were performed in a randomized order after overnight fasting or 60 minutes after a breakfast containing ~20% of the total recommended daily calories. The normality hypothesis was rejected, and the Wilcoxon test was conducted to compare the interventions ( < .05). : No differences between interventions were observed for resting and postexercise blood pressures ( = .21 to 0.87) or for resting, exercise, and postexercise SD1 ( = .10 to 0.82) and SD2 indices ( = .14 to 0.71). : We concluded that overnight fasting does not promote significant changes in resting and postexercise blood pressures or cardiac autonomic modulation in young men at rest (in supine and standing positions), during 30 minutes of moderate cardiorespiratory training and throughout a 30-minute postexercise recovery phase.
Topics: Adult; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Pressure; Breakfast; Exercise; Exercise Test; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Rest; Young Adult
PubMed: 33054695
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1825603