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Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD Apr 2020To determine the association between breakfast consumption habit and overweight and obesity in a sample of Iranian university students.
PURPOSE
To determine the association between breakfast consumption habit and overweight and obesity in a sample of Iranian university students.
METHODS
A sample of 78,905 university students, aged 18 years or older, was recruited from 28 provinces in Iran to assess breakfast consumption pattern. Breakfast consumption habit was evaluated using a pre-tested questionnaire. Weight and height were measured using standard protocol and then body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Overweight (obesity included) and obesity were defined as BMI ≥ 25 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m, respectively.
RESULTS
Mean age of participants was 21.50 ± 4.01. After controlling for potential confounders, participants who ate breakfast > 4 days/week had 15% lower risk of overweight compared with those who ate < 1 day/week (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.92). Such significant association was also seen in female students (OR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.93); however, it was marginally significant in male ones (OR: 0.89, 95% CI 0.79-1.00). In addition, a significant inverse association was found between breakfast consumption and obesity (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.64-0.85) such that after adjusting for potential confounders, students who consumed breakfast > 4 days/week were 33% less likely to be obese compared with those who consumed it < 1 day/week (OR: 0.67, 95% CI 0.57-0.78). Such significant inverse association was also seen in either gender.
CONCLUSIONS
Breakfast consumption was inversely associated with odds of overweight and obesity in university students.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level V, cross-sectional descriptive studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Breakfast; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Iran; Male; Obesity; Odds Ratio; Overweight; Sex Factors; Students; Universities; Young Adult
PubMed: 30414077
DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0609-8 -
Journal of Obesity 2022Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health issue. Diet and physical exercise are modifiable factors that influence the glycaemic status of patients... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Acute Effects of Breakfast Fruits Meal Sequence and Postprandial Exercise on the Blood Glucose Level and DPP4 Activity among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Pilot Study.
OBJECTIVES
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health issue. Diet and physical exercise are modifiable factors that influence the glycaemic status of patients with T2DM. We aimed to investigate the acute effects of breakfast fruits meal sequence and postprandial exercise on the blood glucose level and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
METHODS
A randomized pilot study recruited patients with T2DM who attended two primary health care centres in Tasikmadu District, Karanganyar Regency, and Kartasura District, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, from July to October 2016. Eligible patients (4 men and 32 women) were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Venous blood samples were analyzed for fasting and one-hour postprandial blood glucose (FBG and 1 h PPG) levels and DPP4 activity. Blood glucose levels were measured using a routine hexokinase method, and serum DPP4 activity was determined spectrophotometrically after incubation with the Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide substrate.
RESULTS
Fruits last meal decreased FBG level whilst fruits first meal did not significantly decrease 1 h PPG level. Both treatments had no acute effects on DPP4 activity but the addition of postprandial exercise helped lower DPP4 activity. Fruit last and first meals showed significant opposite effects on mean changes of FBG level ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This preliminary report of fruits meal sequence is potentially involved in acute regulation of blood glucose levels and that it might be independent of DPP4 activity in Indonesian patients with T2DM. Moreover, postprandial exercise may be an important intervention for T2DM through the mediation of DPP4 but has no acute effects on the regulation of blood glucose levels. Further studies are required to investigate whether or not different types of fruits and longer treatment intervals can affect blood glucose levels and DPP4 activity differently. This study also gives an insight into the feasibility of conducting food order modification with or without the combination of postprandial exercise in a primary health setting for our next studies.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Exercise; Female; Fruit; Hexokinase; Humans; Insulin; Male; Meals; Pilot Projects
PubMed: 36204396
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4875993 -
Journal of Atherosclerosis and... Feb 2019The frequency of breakfast intake has been reported to be inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular events; however, it is uncertain what the impact of the...
AIMS
The frequency of breakfast intake has been reported to be inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular events; however, it is uncertain what the impact of the energy and nutrient intakes from breakfast are. We assessed the association between these intakes from breakfast and the risk of stroke prospectively.
METHODS
In a baseline survey of four Japanese communities between 1981 and 1990, we enrolled 3 248 residents (1 662 men and 1 586 women) aged 40-59 years who were free from stroke and heart disease and who responded to the 24-hour dietary recall survey. We assessed the dietary intake at breakfast, lunch, dinner, and other times separately.
RESULTS
During the median 25-year follow-up, 230 individuals (147 men and 83 women) developed stroke. After adjustment for age, community, other dietary intakes, and lifestyle and physiological factors, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of intracerebral hemorrhage for the highest versus lowest quartiles of energy intake from breakfast were 0.38 (0.15-0.99) in men and 1.36 (0.36-5.10) in women. For the major nutrients, a higher saturated or monounsaturated fat intake at breakfast was associated with a reduced risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in men, and remained statistically significant after further adjustment for intake of other major nutrients from breakfast.
CONCLUSIONS
A higher intake of energy from breakfast, primarily saturated or monounsaturated fat, was associated with a reduced risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in Japanese men.
Topics: Adult; Breakfast; Community-Based Participatory Research; Diet; Energy Intake; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrients; Nutrition Surveys; Population Surveillance; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Stroke
PubMed: 29899172
DOI: 10.5551/jat.44438 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Mar 2020Breakfast consumption is associated with a variety of nutritional and lifestyle-related health outcomes. The objective of the present study was to investigate how the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Breakfast consumption is associated with a variety of nutritional and lifestyle-related health outcomes. The objective of the present study was to investigate how the consumption of breakfast affected blood glucose, insulin and NEFA profiles. A lower postprandial blood glucose, insulin and NEFA response is associated with a lower risk of development of metabolic diseases. In a randomised crossover non-blind design, thirteen pre-diabetic Chinese adult males (BMI 26·7 (sd 4·2) kg/m2) attended two sessions where they either consumed a high-glycaemic index breakfast or no breakfast consumption. Changes in glycaemic response over 27 h periods were measured using the Medtronic MiniMed iProTM2 continuous glucose monitoring system. Blood samples were collected using a peripheral venous catheter at fixed intervals for 3 h after the test meal and 3 h after standardised lunch consumption. Postprandial glucose, insulin and NEFA response was calculated as total AUC and incremental AUC using the trapezoidal rule that ignored the area under the baseline. It was found that breakfast consumption significantly decreased postprandial glucose, insulin and NEFA excursion response at lunch time (P = 0·001). Consumption of breakfast attenuated blood glucose profiles by minimising glycaemic excursions and reduced both insulinaemic and NEFA responses in pre-diabetic Asian males during the second meal. This simple dietary intervention may be a novel approach to help improve subsequent lunch glycaemic responses in Asians at high risk of developing diabetes.
Topics: Asian People; Blood Glucose; Breakfast; China; Cross-Over Studies; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Statistics as Topic
PubMed: 31831088
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114519003180 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Nov 2017Little is known about relation of overall breakfast quality with cardiometabolic risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to explore sex-specific associations between...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Little is known about relation of overall breakfast quality with cardiometabolic risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to explore sex-specific associations between breakfast quality and cardiometabolic risk profiles in a sample of an upper middle-aged German population.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
Cardiometabolic profiles of 339 men and 329 women were cross-sectionally assessed using an overall biomarker score (BScore), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Overall breakfast quality was assessed by using (i) an a-priori defined breakfast quality score (BQS) and (ii) data-driven breakfast patterns based on principal component analysis (PCA). Multiple linear regression models for association of breakfast quality with all outcomes were adjusted for all potential confounders including overall diet quality.
RESULTS
After adjustment for all potential confounders the BQS was inversely associated with the BScore (regression beta with 95% Confidence Interval: -0.29 (052-0.06)) and HbA1c (-0.12 (-0.21, -0.04)) in men; whereas no such associations were observed in women. Four breakfast (B) patterns were identified: B-processed-food pattern, B-cereal pattern, B-high fat pattern and B-dairy & cereal pattern. The B-processed-food pattern was positively associated with HbA1c (0.09(0.01, 0.18)), BMI (0.16 (0.06, 0.26)), and WC (0.17 (0.8, 0.26)) in men, and BMI (0.13 (0.1, 0.25)) and WC (0.11(0.01.0.22)) in women. The B-cereal pattern was inversely associated with BScore (-0.23 (-0.45, -0.01)) and BMI (-0.11 (-0.20, -0.01)) in men and WC(-0.16 (-0.27, -0.05)) in women. The B-dairy & cereal pattern was also inversely associated with BScore (-0.26 (-0.48, -0.04)) in men but not in women.
CONCLUSIONS
The overall breakfast quality was cross-sectionally associated with a healthier cardiometabolic profile, especially in upper-middle age men, independent of overall dietary quality. Such analyses should be supplemented by studies investigating the circadian sequence of food intake and metabolic consequences including hard disease endpoints.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breakfast; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Female; Germany; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28745333
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.116 -
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine Sep 2016The association between skipping breakfast and cardio-metabolic syndrome is well known. However, there are very few Korean studies about the habit of eating breakfast...
BACKGROUND
The association between skipping breakfast and cardio-metabolic syndrome is well known. However, there are very few Korean studies about the habit of eating breakfast and hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the habit of eating breakfast and hypertension in a healthy Korean population.
METHODS
Participants in the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were enrolled for this study. Medical history, including hypertension, was measured using a 24-hour recall method. The habit of eating breakfast was estimated from self-reported questionnaires and was classified into two groups: the eating breakfast group, defined as those who ate breakfast more than 5 times per week, and the not eating breakfast group, defined as those who did not eat any breakfast for a week.
RESULTS
The crude odds ratio of skipping breakfast for the prevalence of hypertension was 0.366. However, after adjusting for all considerable confounding factors (age, sex, regular exercise, current smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and red blood cell counts), not eating breakfast was associated with a higher risk of HTN (OR = 1.065; 95% CI = 1.057-1.073; p-value < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The habit of eating breakfast was associated with a lower risk of hypertension among healthy Korean adults.
PubMed: 27924285
DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2016.6.2.64 -
Diabetologia Jan 2022The aim of this work was to assess the relationship between meal nutrients and postprandial blood glucose response (PGR) in individuals with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid...
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
The aim of this work was to assess the relationship between meal nutrients and postprandial blood glucose response (PGR) in individuals with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system (HCLS).
METHODS
The dietary composition of 1264 meals (398 breakfasts, 441 lunches and 425 dinners) was assessed by 7-day food records completed by 25 individuals with type 1 diabetes on HCLSs (12 men/13 women, mean ± SD age 40 ± 12 years, mean ± SD HbA 51 ± 10 mmol/mol [6.9 ± 0.2%]). For each meal, PGR (continuous glucose monitoring metrics, glucose incremental AUCs) and insulin doses (pre-meal boluses, post-meal microboluses automatically delivered by the pump and adjustment boluses) over 6 h were evaluated.
RESULTS
Breakfast, lunch and dinner significantly differed with respect to energy and nutrient intake and insulin doses. The blood glucose postprandial profile showed an earlier peak after breakfast and a slow increase until 4 h after lunch and dinner (p < 0.001). Mean ± SD postprandial time in range (TIR) was better at breakfast (79.3 ± 22.2%) than at lunch (71.3 ± 23.9%) or dinner (70.0 ± 25.9%) (p < 0.001). Significant negative predictors of TIR at breakfast were total energy intake, per cent intake of total protein and monounsaturated fatty acids, glycaemic load and absolute amounts of cholesterol, carbohydrates and simple sugars consumed (p < 0.05 for all). No significant predictors were detected for TIR at lunch. For TIR at dinner, a significant positive predictor was the per cent intake of plant proteins, while negative predictors were glycaemic load and intake amounts of simple sugars and carbohydrate (p < 0.05 for all).
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
This study shows that nutritional factors other than the amount of carbohydrate significantly influence postprandial blood glucose control. These nutritional determinants vary between breakfast, lunch and dinner, with differing effects on postprandial blood glucose profile and insulin requirements, thus remaining a challenge to HCLSs.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Glycemic Control; Humans; Insulin; Male; Meals; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 34689215
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05587-0 -
Journal of Diabetes Nov 2021This study aims to investigate the association of energy and macronutrient intake at dinner vs breakfast with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
The association of energy and macronutrient intake at dinner vs breakfast with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a cohort study: The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1997-2011.
BACKGROUND
This study aims to investigate the association of energy and macronutrient intake at dinner vs breakfast with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS
A total of 11 153 adults, including 811 with T2DM, completed a questionnaire about energy and macronutrient intake in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997-2011). The differences (Δ) in energy and macronutrient intake between dinner and breakfast (Δ = dinner - breakfast) were categorized into quintiles. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to explore the association between Δ and the risk of T2DM and to investigate the change of the risk when 5% total energy or energy provided by macronutrients at dinner was substituted with total energy or energy provided by macronutrients at breakfast by isocaloric substitution models.
RESULTS
After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with participants in the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile were more likely to develop T2DM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.13-1.87; HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.43-2.41; HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06-1.78). Isocalorically replacing 5% energy at dinner with energy at breakfast was associated with a 7% lower T2DM risk. Replacing 5% energy provided by fat at dinner with energy provided by carbohydrate, protein, and fat at breakfast was associated with a 9%, 5%, and 7% lower T2DM risk, respectively. Replacing 5% energy provided by protein at dinner with energy provided by carbohydrate or protein at breakfast was associated with a 5% lower T2DM risk.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher intake of energy, protein, and fat at dinner than at breakfast increased the risk of T2DM.
Topics: Adult; Breakfast; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Meals; Nutrients; Prognosis; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33848061
DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13185 -
The International Journal of Behavioral... Mar 2023In many Westernised countries, children do not consume a sufficient amount of vegetables for optimal health and development. Child-feeding guidelines have been produced... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
In many Westernised countries, children do not consume a sufficient amount of vegetables for optimal health and development. Child-feeding guidelines have been produced to address this, but often only promote offering vegetables at midday/evening meals and snack times. With guidance having limited success in increasing children's vegetable intake at a population level, novel approaches to address this must be developed. Offering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery/kindergarten settings has the potential to increase children's overall daily vegetable consumption as children typically attend nursery/kindergarten and many routinely eat breakfast there. However, the feasibility and acceptability of this intervention (Veggie Brek) to children and nursery staff has not been investigated.
METHODS
A feasibility and acceptability cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) was undertaken in eight UK nurseries. All nurseries engaged in one-week baseline and follow-up phases before and after an intervention/control period. Staff in intervention nurseries offered three raw carrot batons and three cucumber sticks alongside children's main breakfast food each day for three weeks. Control nurseries offered children their usual breakfast. Feasibility was assessed by recruitment data and nursery staff's ability to follow the trial protocol. Acceptability was assessed by children's willingness to eat the vegetables at breakfast time. All primary outcomes were assessed against traffic-light progression criteria. Staff preference for collecting data via photographs versus using paper was also assessed. Further views about the intervention were obtained through semi-structured interviews with nursery staff.
RESULTS
The recruitment of parents/caregivers willing to provide consent for eligible children was acceptable at 67.8% (within the amber stop-go criterion) with 351 children taking part across eight nurseries. Both the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention to nursery staff and the willingness of children to consume the vegetables met the green stop-go criteria, with children eating some part of the vegetables in 62.4% (745/1194) of instances where vegetables were offered. Additionally, staff preferred reporting data using paper compared to taking photographs.
CONCLUSIONS
Offering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery/kindergarten settings is feasible and acceptable to children and nursery staff. A full intervention evaluation should be explored via a definitive RCT.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT05217550.
Topics: Humans; Vegetables; Breakfast; Feasibility Studies; Schools; Educational Status
PubMed: 36978097
DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01443-z -
Nutrients Apr 2017The effect of skipping breakfast on health, especially in adults, remains a controversial topic. A secondary data analysis was conducted to examine associations between...
The effect of skipping breakfast on health, especially in adults, remains a controversial topic. A secondary data analysis was conducted to examine associations between breakfast eating patterns and weight loss, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters among participants with metabolic syndrome (MetS) ( = 240). Three randomly selected 24-h dietary recalls were collected from each participant at baseline and at the one-year visit. Skipped breakfast was seen in 32.9% at baseline and in 17.4% at the one-year visit, respectively. At baseline, after adjustment for demographics and physical activity, participants who ate breakfast had a higher thiamin, niacin, and folate intake than did breakfast skippers ( < 0.05); other selected parameters including body weight, dietary quality scores, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters showed no significant differences between the two groups ( ≥ 0.05). From baseline to one year, after adjustment for covariates, mean fat intake increased by 2.7% (95% confidence intervals (CI): -1.0, 6.5%) of total energy in breakfast skippers in comparison to the 1.2% decrease observed in breakfast eaters (95% CI: -3.4, 1.1%) ( = 0.02). Mean changes in other selected parameters showed no significant differences between breakfast skippers and eaters ( > 0.05). This study did not support the hypothesis that skipping breakfast has impact on body weight, nutrient intakes, and selected metabolic measures in participants with MetS.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Breakfast; Diet; Diet Records; Dietary Fats; Feeding Behavior; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Niacin; Nutrition Assessment; Obesity; Thiamine; Vitamin B Complex; Young Adult
PubMed: 28420112
DOI: 10.3390/nu9040384