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Intervirology 2018Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are similar coronaviruses, causing diseases characterized by vomiting, diarrhea,... (Review)
Review
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are similar coronaviruses, causing diseases characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and death from severe dehydration in piglets. Thus, they have caused huge losses to the swine-breeding industry worldwide. Nowadays, they are easily transmitted among the continents via vehicles, equipment, and cargo. Both viruses establish an infection in porcine enterocytes in the small intestine, and their spike (S) proteins play a key role in the virus-cell binding process under unfavorable conditions when the intestine with a low pH is filled with a thick layer of mucus and proteases. Sialic acid, proteases, and low pH are three main inducers of coronavirus infection. However, the details of how sialic acid and low pH affect virus binding to the host cell are not determined, and the functions of the proteases are unknown. This review emphasizes the role of three factors in the invasion of TGEV and PEDV into porcine enterocytes and offers more insights into Alphacoronavirus infection in the intestinal environment.
Topics: Alphacoronavirus; Animals; Coronavirus Infections; Enterocytes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Peptide Hydrolases; Phylogeny; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Swine; Swine Diseases; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
PubMed: 30176660
DOI: 10.1159/000492424 -
Virus Research Aug 2020Discovered in 2017, swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV), also known as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) or porcine enteric alphacoronavirus... (Review)
Review
Discovered in 2017, swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV), also known as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) or porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV), is the fifth porcine CoV identified in diarrheal piglets. The presumed name "SADS-CoV" may not be appropriate since current studies have not provided strong evidence for high pathogenicity of the virus. SeACoV was the most recently recognized CoV of potential bat origin prior to the novel human severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2), associated with the pandemic CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although SeACoV is recognized as a regional epizootic virus currently, it possesses the most extensive cell species tropism in vitro among known CoVs. This review summarizes the emergence of SeACoV and updates the research progress made from 2017 to early 2020, mainly focusing on the etiology, epidemiology, evolutionary perspective, potential for interspecies transmission, pathogenesis and diagnosis.
Topics: Alphacoronavirus; Animals; Cell Line; China; Coronavirus Infections; Genome, Viral; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Species Specificity; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 32482591
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198024 -
Current Protocols Oct 2023HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are four of the seven known human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and, unlike the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and...
HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are four of the seven known human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and, unlike the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, these four so-called seasonal HCoVs generally cause mild upper-respiratory-tract illness. As Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) pathogens, the seasonal HCoVs are more accessible and can be used as surrogates for studying the highly pathogenic HCoVs. However, scientists have for many years found these difficult to study because of the lack of a universal culture system and the inability of typical culture methods to yield high-titer infectious stocks. We have developed assays to grow and quantify infectious virus and viral RNA for HCoV-OC43, -229E, and -NL63. We identified which immortalized cell lines should be used to optimize the replication of HCoV-OC43, -229E, and -NL63 in order to generate high titers (Vero E6, Huh-7, and LLC-MK2 cells, respectively). Here we present protocols for improved propagation and quantification of each seasonal HCoV. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Growth of HCoVs Basic Protocol 2: Quantification of HCoV by plaque assay Basic Protocol 3: Quantification of HCoV RNA products of replication Basic Protocol 4: Concentrating HCoVs via ultracentrifugation.
Topics: Humans; Coronavirus OC43, Human; Coronavirus 229E, Human; Coronavirus NL63, Human; Culture Techniques; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 37882768
DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.914 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which is a recently discovered enteric coronavirus, is the major aetiological agent that causes severe clinical...
Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which is a recently discovered enteric coronavirus, is the major aetiological agent that causes severe clinical diarrhoea and intestinal pathological damage in pigs, and it has caused significant economic losses to the swine industry. Nonstructural protein 5, also called 3C-like protease, cleaves viral polypeptides and host immune-related molecules to facilitate viral replication and immune evasion. Here, we demonstrated that SADS-CoV nsp5 significantly inhibits the Sendai virus (SEV)-induced production of IFN-β and inflammatory cytokines. SADS-CoV nsp5 targets and cleaves mRNA-decapping enzyme 1a (DCP1A) via its protease activity to inhibit the IRF3 and NF-κB signaling pathways in order to decrease IFN-β and inflammatory cytokine production. We found that the histidine 41 and cystine 144 residues of SADS-CoV nsp5 are critical for its cleavage activity. Additionally, a form of DCP1A with a mutation in the glutamine 343 residue is resistant to nsp5-mediated cleavage and has a stronger ability to inhibit SADS-CoV infection than wild-type DCP1A. In conclusion, our findings reveal that SADS-CoV nsp5 is an important interferon antagonist and enhance the understanding of immune evasion by alpha coronaviruses.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Alphacoronavirus; Coronavirus; Endopeptidases; Interferon Type I
PubMed: 37283741
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196031 -
Journal of Virology Nov 2023Several coronaviruses (CoVs) have been detected in domesticated, farmed, and wild meso-carnivores, causing a wide range of diseases and infecting diverse species,...
Several coronaviruses (CoVs) have been detected in domesticated, farmed, and wild meso-carnivores, causing a wide range of diseases and infecting diverse species, highlighting their important but understudied role in the epidemiology of these viruses. Assessing the viral diversity hosted in wildlife species is essential to understand their significance in the cross-species transmission of CoVs. Our focus here was on CoV discovery in meso-carnivores in the Northeast United States as a potential "hotspot" area with high density of humans and urban wildlife. This study identifies novel alphacoronaviruses circulating in multiple free-ranging wild and domestic species in this area and explores their potential epidemiological importance based on regions of the Spike gene, which are relevant for virus-host interactions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Alphacoronavirus; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Carnivora; Coronavirus Infections; Feces; Host Microbial Interactions; New England; Saliva; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 37882520
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00829-23 -
Journal of Medical Virology Mar 2023Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly discovered alphacoronavirus with zoonotic potential that causes diarrhea and vomiting mainly in piglets....
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly discovered alphacoronavirus with zoonotic potential that causes diarrhea and vomiting mainly in piglets. Having emerged suddenly in 2017, the prevailing opinion is that the virus originated from HKU2, an alphacoronavirus whose primary host is bats, and at some unknown point achieved interspecies transmission via some intermediate. Here, we further explore the evolutionary history and possible cross-species transmission event for SADS-CoV. Coevolutionary analysis demonstrated that HKU2 may have achieved host switch via SADS-related (SADSr)-CoV, which was isolated from the genus Rhinolophus in 2017. SADS-CoV, HKU2, and SADSr-CoV share similar codon usage patterns and showed a lower tendency to use CpG, which may reflect a method of immune escape. The analyses of virus-host coevolution and recombination support SADSr-CoV is the direct source of SADS-CoV that may have undergone recombination events during its formation. Structure-based spike glycoprotein variance analysis revealed a more nuanced evolutionary pathway to receptor recognition for host switch. We did not find a possible positive selection site, and the dN/dS of the S gene was only 0.29, which indicates that the current SADS-CoV is slowly evolving. These results provide new insights that may help predict future cross-species transmission, and possibly surveil future zoonotic outbreaks and associated public health emergencies.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Alphacoronavirus; Chiroptera; Coronavirus Infections; Diarrhea; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 36916779
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28672 -
Virus Research Dec 2016Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations, resulting in serious public and animal health threats and economic... (Review)
Review
Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations, resulting in serious public and animal health threats and economic losses. The ongoing outbreak of a highly contagious and deadly porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Asia, the Americas and Europe is one example. Genomic sequence analyses of PEDV variants have revealed important insights into the evolution of PEDV. However, the antigenic variations among different PEDV strains are less explored, although they may contribute to the failure of PEDV vaccines in Asian countries. In addition, the evolution of PEDV results in variants with distinct genetic features and virulence differences; thus PEDV can serve as a model to explore the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus evolution and pathogenesis. In this article, we review the evolution, antigenic relationships and pathologic features of PEDV strains. This information and review of researches will aid in the development of strategies for control and prevention of PED.
Topics: Animals; Antigenic Variation; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Cross Protection; Cross Reactions; Evolution, Molecular; Global Health; Phylogeny; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Vaccines; Virulence
PubMed: 27288724
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.023 -
Viruses Dec 2021Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is widespread among the dog population and causes gastrointestinal disorders, and even fatal cases. As the zoonotic transmission of viruses...
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is widespread among the dog population and causes gastrointestinal disorders, and even fatal cases. As the zoonotic transmission of viruses from animals to humans has become a worldwide concern nowadays, it is necessary to screen free-roaming dogs for their common pathogens due to their frequent interaction with humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study to detect and characterize the known and novel Corona, Filo, Flavi, and Paramyxoviruses in free-roaming dogs in Bangladesh. Between 2009-10 and 2016-17, we collected swab samples from 69 dogs from four districts of Bangladesh, tested using RT-PCR and sequenced. None of the samples were positive for Filo, Flavi, and Paramyxoviruses. Only three samples (4.3%; 95% CI: 0.9-12.2) tested positive for Canine Coronavirus (CCoV). The CCoV strains identified were branched with strains of genotype CCoV-II with distinct distances. They are closely related to CCoVs from the UK, China, and other CoVs isolated from different species, which suggests genetic recombination and interspecies transmission of CCoVs. These findings indicate that CCoV is circulating in dogs of Bangladesh. Hence, we recommend future studies on epidemiology and genetic characterization with full-genome sequencing of emerging coronaviruses in companion animals in Bangladesh.
Topics: Animals; Bangladesh; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus, Canine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Genotype; Male; Phylogeny; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 35062271
DOI: 10.3390/v14010067 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Feb 2023The conserved coronavirus fusion peptide is a target of broadly neutralizing antibodies.
The conserved coronavirus fusion peptide is a target of broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies; Peptides; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Viral Fusion Proteins; Neutralization Tests; Humans; Betacoronavirus; Alphacoronavirus; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Coronavirus Infections
PubMed: 36795841
DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6261 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022Low power microwave can effectively deactivate influenza type A virus through the nonthermal structure-resonant energy transfer effect, at a frequency matching the...
Low power microwave can effectively deactivate influenza type A virus through the nonthermal structure-resonant energy transfer effect, at a frequency matching the confined-acoustic dipolar mode frequency of the virus. Currently, aerosol is considered the major route for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. For the potential microwave-based sterilization, the microwave-resonant frequency of SARS-CoV-2 must be unraveled. Here we report a microwave absorption spectroscopy study of the SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E viruses through devising a coplanar-waveguide-based sensor. Noticeable microwave absorption can be observed, while we identified the resonant frequencies of the 1st and 2nd dipolar modes of SARS-CoV-2 virus as 4 and 7.5 GHz respectively. We further found that the resonant frequencies are invariant to the virus titer, and we also studied the microwave absorption of HCoV-229E in weak acidity medium to simulate the common pH value in fluid secretion. Our results suggest the possible radiation frequency for the recently proposed microwave sterilization devices to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 virus through a nonthermal mechanism so as to control the disease transmission in the post-pandemic era.
Topics: COVID-19; Coronavirus 229E, Human; Humans; Microwaves; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35869163
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16845-5