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Nature Reviews. Microbiology Mar 2019Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses... (Review)
Review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses that emerged in humans at the beginning of the 21st century. Both viruses likely originated in bats, and genetically diverse coronaviruses that are related to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were discovered in bats worldwide. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of these two pathogenic coronaviruses and discuss their receptor usage; we also highlight the diversity and potential of spillover of bat-borne coronaviruses, as evidenced by the recent spillover of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) to pigs.
Topics: Alphacoronavirus; Animals; Chiroptera; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Phylogeny; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Swine
PubMed: 30531947
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9 -
Virus Research Sep 2020Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high... (Review)
Review
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Two different genogroups of PEDV, S INDEL [PEDV variant containing multiple deletions and insertions in the S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein, G1b] and non-S INDEL (G2b) strains were detected during the diarrheal disease outbreak in US swine in 2013-2014. Similar viruses are also circulating globally. Continuous improvement and update of biosecurity and vaccine strains and protocols are still needed to control and prevent PEDV infections worldwide. Although the non-S INDEL PEDV was highly virulent and the S INDEL PEDV caused milder disease, the latter has the capacity to cause illness in a high number of piglets on farms with low biosecurity and herd immunity. The main PEDV transmission route is fecal-oral, but airborne transmission via the fecal-nasal route may play a role in pig-to-pig and farm-to-farm spread. PEDV infection of neonatal pigs causes fecal virus shedding (alongside frequent detection of PEDV RNA in the nasal cavity), acute viremia, severe atrophic enteritis (mainly jejunum and ileum), and increased pro-inflammatory and innate immune responses. PEDV-specific IgA effector and memory B cells in orally primed sows play a critical role in sow lactogenic immunity and passive protection of piglets. This review focuses on the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control of PEDV infection.
Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Progression; Immunity, Humoral; Intestinal Mucosa; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Receptors, Virus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Tropism; Viremia
PubMed: 32502552
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) causes acute gastroenteritis and high mortality in newborn piglets. Since the last century, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus... (Review)
Review
Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) causes acute gastroenteritis and high mortality in newborn piglets. Since the last century, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have swept farms all over the world and caused substantial economic losses. In recent years, porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) have been emerging SeCoVs. Some of them even spread across species, which made the epidemic situation of SeCoV more complex and changeable. Recent studies have begun to reveal the complex SeCoV-host interaction mechanism in detail. This review summarizes the current advances in autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immunity induced by SeCoV infection. These complex interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or the alteration of some signal pathways.
Topics: Alphacoronavirus; Animals; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35409315
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073953 -
Molecular Biology and Evolution Mar 2023With a possible origin from bats, the alphacoronavirus Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes significant hazards and widespread epidemics in the swine...
With a possible origin from bats, the alphacoronavirus Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes significant hazards and widespread epidemics in the swine population. However, the ecology, evolution, and spread of PEDV are still unclear. Here, from 149,869 fecal and intestinal tissue samples of pigs collected in an 11-year survey, we identified PEDV as the most dominant virus in diarrheal animals. Global whole genomic and evolutionary analyses of 672 PEDV strains revealed the fast-evolving PEDV genotype 2 (G2) strains as the main epidemic viruses worldwide, which seems to correlate with the use of G2-targeting vaccines. The evolving pattern of the G2 viruses presents geographic bias as they evolve tachytely in South Korea but undergo the highest recombination in China. Therefore, we clustered six PEDV haplotypes in China, whereas South Korea held five haplotypes, including a unique haplotype G. In addition, an assessment of the spatiotemporal spread route of PEDV indicates Germany and Japan as the primary hubs for PEDV dissemination in Europe and Asia, respectively. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the epidemiology, evolution, and transmission of PEDV, and thus may lay a foundation for the prevention and control of PEDV and other coronaviruses.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Phylogeny; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Alphacoronavirus
PubMed: 36869744
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad052 -
Virologica Sinica Oct 2021Like RNA viruses in general, coronaviruses (CoV) exhibit high mutation rates which, in combination with their strong tendency to recombine, enable them to overcome the... (Review)
Review
Like RNA viruses in general, coronaviruses (CoV) exhibit high mutation rates which, in combination with their strong tendency to recombine, enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts. It is currently known that six CoV are able to infect pigs. Four of them belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TEGV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)], one of them to the genus Betacoronavirus [porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV)] and the last one to the genus Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). PHEV was one of the first identified swine CoV and is still widespread, causing subclinical infections in pigs in several countries. PRCV, a spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection, appeared in the 1980s. PRCV is considered non-pathogenic since its infection course is mild or subclinical. Since its appearance, pig populations have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, leading to a significant reduction in the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV are enteropathogenic CoV and cause clinically indistinguishable acute gastroenteritis in all age groups of pigs. PDCoV and SADS-CoV have emerged in 2014 (US) and in 2017 (China), respectively. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling CoV infections and preventing them from spreading. Since vaccines are available only for some porcine CoV, prevention should focus mainly on a high level of biosecurity. In view of the diversity of CoV and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence, updating the knowledge concerning this area is essential.
Topics: Animals; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
PubMed: 33723809
DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00364-0 -
Veterinary Research Communications Sep 2021The recent prevalence of coronavirus (CoV) poses a serious threat to animal and human health. Currently, porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs), including the... (Review)
Review
The recent prevalence of coronavirus (CoV) poses a serious threat to animal and human health. Currently, porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs), including the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the novel emerging swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), and re-emerging porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), which infect pigs of different ages, have caused more frequent occurrences of diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration with high morbidity and mortality in piglets. PECs have the potential for cross-species transmission and are causing huge economic losses in the pig industry in China and the world, which therefore needs to be urgently addressed. Accordingly, this article summarises the pathogenicity, prevalence, and diagnostic methods of PECs and provides an important reference for their improved diagnosis, prevention, and control.
Topics: Alphacoronavirus; Animals; China; Coronavirus Infections; Deltacoronavirus; Humans; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
PubMed: 34251560
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09808-0 -
Viruses Dec 2021Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is widespread among the dog population and causes gastrointestinal disorders, and even fatal cases. As the zoonotic transmission of viruses...
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is widespread among the dog population and causes gastrointestinal disorders, and even fatal cases. As the zoonotic transmission of viruses from animals to humans has become a worldwide concern nowadays, it is necessary to screen free-roaming dogs for their common pathogens due to their frequent interaction with humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study to detect and characterize the known and novel Corona, Filo, Flavi, and Paramyxoviruses in free-roaming dogs in Bangladesh. Between 2009-10 and 2016-17, we collected swab samples from 69 dogs from four districts of Bangladesh, tested using RT-PCR and sequenced. None of the samples were positive for Filo, Flavi, and Paramyxoviruses. Only three samples (4.3%; 95% CI: 0.9-12.2) tested positive for Canine Coronavirus (CCoV). The CCoV strains identified were branched with strains of genotype CCoV-II with distinct distances. They are closely related to CCoVs from the UK, China, and other CoVs isolated from different species, which suggests genetic recombination and interspecies transmission of CCoVs. These findings indicate that CCoV is circulating in dogs of Bangladesh. Hence, we recommend future studies on epidemiology and genetic characterization with full-genome sequencing of emerging coronaviruses in companion animals in Bangladesh.
Topics: Animals; Bangladesh; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus, Canine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Genotype; Male; Phylogeny; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 35062271
DOI: 10.3390/v14010067 -
Structure (London, England : 1993) Apr 2021Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in pigs. A key determinant of viral tropism and entry,...
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in pigs. A key determinant of viral tropism and entry, the PEDV spike protein is a key target for the host antibody response and a good candidate for a protein-based vaccine immunogen. We used electron microscopy to evaluate the PEDV spike structure, as well as pig polyclonal antibody responses to viral infection. The structure of the PEDV spike reveals a configuration similar to that of HuCoV-NL63. Several PEDV protein-protein interfaces are mediated by non-protein components, including a glycan at Asn264 and two bound palmitoleic acid molecules. The polyclonal antibody response to PEDV infection shows a dominance of epitopes in the S1 region. This structural and immune characterization provides insights into coronavirus spike stability determinants and explores the immune landscape of viral spike proteins.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cell Line; Coronavirus Infections; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Epitopes; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Polysaccharides; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Protein Binding; Sf9 Cells; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Swine
PubMed: 33378641
DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.12.003 -
Nature Communications Mar 2022Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) can experimentally infect a variety of animals. Human infection by PDCoV has also been reported. Consistently, PDCoV can use...
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) can experimentally infect a variety of animals. Human infection by PDCoV has also been reported. Consistently, PDCoV can use aminopeptidase N (APN) from different host species as receptors to enter cells. To understand this broad receptor usage and interspecies transmission of PDCoV, we determined the crystal structures of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of PDCoV spike protein bound to human APN (hAPN) and porcine APN (pAPN), respectively. The structures of the two complexes exhibit high similarity. PDCoV RBD binds to common regions on hAPN and pAPN, which are different from the sites engaged by two alphacoronaviruses: HCoV-229E and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV). Based on structure guided mutagenesis, we identified conserved residues on hAPN and pAPN that are essential for PDCoV binding and infection. We report the detailed mechanism for how a deltacoronavirus recognizes homologous receptors and provide insights into the cross-species transmission of PDCoV.
Topics: Animals; Coronavirus; Coronavirus 229E, Human; Coronavirus Infections; Deltacoronavirus; Humans; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Swine
PubMed: 35304871
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29062-5 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Feb 2022During the validation of a highly sensitive panspecies coronavirus (CoV) seminested reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, we found canine CoV...
BACKGROUND
During the validation of a highly sensitive panspecies coronavirus (CoV) seminested reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, we found canine CoV (CCoV) RNA in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 8 of 301 patients (2.5%) hospitalized with pneumonia during 2017-2018 in Sarawak, Malaysia. Most patients were children living in rural areas with frequent exposure to domesticated animals and wildlife.
METHODS
Specimens were further studied with universal and species-specific CoV and CCoV 1-step RT-PCR assays, and viral isolation was performed in A72 canine cells. Complete genome sequencing was conducted using the Sanger method.
RESULTS
Two of 8 specimens contained sufficient amounts of CCoVs as confirmed by less-sensitive single-step RT-PCR assays, and 1 specimen demonstrated cytopathic effects in A72 cells. Complete genome sequencing of the virus causing cytopathic effects identified it as a novel canine-feline recombinant alphacoronavirus (genotype II) that we named CCoV-human pneumonia (HuPn)-2018. Most of the CCoV-HuPn-2018 genome is more closely related to a CCoV TN-449, while its S gene shared significantly higher sequence identity with CCoV-UCD-1 (S1 domain) and a feline CoV WSU 79-1683 (S2 domain). CCoV-HuPn-2018 is unique for a 36-nucleotide (12-amino acid) deletion in the N protein and the presence of full-length and truncated 7b nonstructural protein, which may have clinical relevance.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of a novel canine-feline recombinant alphacoronavirus isolated from a human patient with pneumonia. If confirmed as a pathogen, it may represent the eighth unique coronavirus known to cause disease in humans. Our findings underscore the public health threat of animal CoVs and a need to conduct better surveillance for them.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus, Canine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Malaysia; Phylogeny; Pneumonia
PubMed: 34013321
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab456