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Annals of the New York Academy of... Dec 2020Achalasia is a rare motility disorder with incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and ineffective contractions of the esophageal body. It has been... (Review)
Review
Achalasia is a rare motility disorder with incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and ineffective contractions of the esophageal body. It has been hypothesized that achalasia does not result from only one pathway but rather involves a combination of infectious, autoimmune, and familial etiological components. On the basis of other observations, a novel hypothesis suggests that a muscular form of eosinophilic esophagitis is involved in the pathophysiology of achalasia in some patients. This appears to progressively diminish the myenteric plexus at stage III, gradually destroy it at stage II, and finally eliminate it at stage I, the most advanced and final stage of achalasia. Although high-resolution manometry has identified these three different types of achalasia, another subset of patients with a normal-appearing sphincter relaxation has been proposed. Provocative maneuvers, such as the rapid drinking challenge, have recently been demonstrated to improve diagnosis in certain borderline patients, but have to be studied in more detail. However, whether the different types of achalasia will have a long-term impact on tailored therapies is still a matter of debate. Additionally, novel aspects of the standard timed barium swallow appear to be an important adjunct of diagnosis, as it has been shown to have a diagnostic as well as a predictive value.
Topics: Autoimmunity; Deglutition; Eosinophilic Esophagitis; Esophageal Achalasia; Esophageal Sphincter, Lower; Humans; Male; Manometry; Myenteric Plexus
PubMed: 33140485
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14510 -
Argumentation 2023This appearance condition of fallacies refers to the phenomenon of weak arguments, or moves in argumentation, appearing to be okay when really they aren't. Not all...
This appearance condition of fallacies refers to the phenomenon of weak arguments, or moves in argumentation, appearing to be okay when really they aren't. Not all theorists agree that the appearance condition should be part of the conception of fallacies but this essay explores some of the consequences of including it. In particular, the differences between committing a fallacy, causing a fallacy and observing a fallacy are identified. The remainder of the paper is given over to discussing possible causes of mistakenly perceiving weak argumentation moves as okay. Among these are argument caused misperception, perspective caused misperception, discursive environment caused misperception and perceiver caused misperception. The discussion aims to be sufficiently general so that it can accommodate different models and standards of argumentation that make a place for fallacies.
PubMed: 36817945
DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09606-9 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Dec 2022Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values,...
Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values, and preferences. Recognizing that people's physical appearances guide their decisions about social engagement, we examined whether cues to people's music preferences in their physical appearance and expressive poses help to guide social interaction. We found that perceivers could detect targets' music preferences from photos of their bodies, heads, faces, eyes, and mouths (but not hair) and that the targets' apparent traits (e.g., submissiveness, neatness) undergirded these judgments. Perceivers also desired to meet individuals who appeared to match their music preferences versus those who did not. Music preferences therefore seem to manifest in appearance, regulating interest in others and suggesting that one's identity redundantly emerges across different types of cues. People may thus infer others' music preferences to identify candidates for social bonding.
Topics: Humans; Social Perception; Music; Judgment; Cues
PubMed: 34581211
DOI: 10.1177/01461672211048291 -
Psychology of Sport and Exercise Mar 2023Whilst some individuals exercise for health-related reasons, others appear to exercise to bolster physical attractiveness. For the latter, this is often attributed to...
Whilst some individuals exercise for health-related reasons, others appear to exercise to bolster physical attractiveness. For the latter, this is often attributed to dissatisfaction with appearance. Few studies, however, have explored if differences in self-esteem may relate to diverse exercise reasons. The present study investigated whether global self-esteem, appearance-contingent self-worth, and appearance satisfaction may be differentially associated with health and attractiveness exercise reasons. It was further sought to explore whether these relations coincided with different motivational regulations. Adults from the east midlands of the United Kingdom (N = 209; 75% female, 25% male; mean age = 29.77 years) completed measures relating to their global and appearance-contingent self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, exercise intentions, and motivations. Structural equation modelling revealed that global self-esteem was positively associated with appearance satisfaction and health reasons for exercise, whereas appearance-contingent self-esteem related to lower appearance satisfaction and attractiveness reasons. Appearance satisfaction had no association with either exercise reason but was associated with intrinsic motivation and lower controlled exercise motivations. Health exercise reasons were positively associated with intrinsic, identified, and introjected motivation, whereas attractiveness reasons were exclusively related to external motivation. The findings highlight the conceptual importance of differentiating the level and contingency of exercisers' self-esteem. The findings may also have substantive value for exercise practitioners in understanding different reasons for exercise.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Exercise; Health Behavior; Physical Appearance, Body; Self Concept; United Kingdom; Motivation
PubMed: 37665828
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102345 -
Insights Into Imaging Aug 2022Lymphomatous involvement of the genitourinary system, particularly the kidneys, is commonly detected on autopsies; yet on conventional diagnostic imaging renal lymphoma... (Review)
Review
Lymphomatous involvement of the genitourinary system, particularly the kidneys, is commonly detected on autopsies; yet on conventional diagnostic imaging renal lymphoma is significantly underestimated and underreported, in part due to its variable imaging appearance and overlapping features with other conditions. We present a spectrum of typical and atypical appearances of renal lymphoma using multimodality imaging, while reviewing the roles of imaging in the detection, diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of patients with lymphoma. We also illustrate a breadth of benign and malignant entities with similar imaging features confounding the diagnosis of renal lymphoma, emphasizing the role of percutaneous image-guided biopsy. Understanding the spectrum of appearances of renal lymphoma and recognizing the overlapping entities will help radiologists improve diagnostic confidence and accuracy.
PubMed: 35962930
DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01260-1 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2023Annular skin lesions have a unique morphology, and the dramatic appearance of these skin eruptions in infants can cause concern for parents and clinicians. Annular...
Annular skin lesions have a unique morphology, and the dramatic appearance of these skin eruptions in infants can cause concern for parents and clinicians. Annular lesions appearing during infancy (defined here as birth to 1 year of age) lend to a broad differential, ranging from benign cutaneous disorders to severe systemic diseases. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic findings, and management options of possible etiologies for annular skin lesions in infants, including annular erythema of infancy, neonatal lupus erythematosus, dermatophyte infections, hemorrhagic edema of infancy, and urticaria multiforme.
PubMed: 37467898
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.07.009 -
Journal of Bone Oncology Apr 2020Whereas preemptive screening for the presence of lymph node and lung metastases is standard-of-care in thyroid cancer patients, bone metastases are less well studied and... (Review)
Review
Whereas preemptive screening for the presence of lymph node and lung metastases is standard-of-care in thyroid cancer patients, bone metastases are less well studied and are often neglected in thyroid cancer patient surveillance. Bone metastases in thyroid cancer are, however, independently associated with poor/worse prognosis with a median overall survival from detection of only 4 years despite an otherwise excellent prognosis for the vast majority of thyroid cancer patients. In this review we summarize the state of current knowledge as pertinent to bony metastatic disease in thyroid cancer, including clinical implications, impacts on patient function and quality of life, pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities, proposing approaches to patient care accordingly. In particular, bone metastasis pathogenesis appears to reflect cooperatively between cancer and the bone microenvironment creating a "vicious cycle" of bone destruction rather than due exclusively to tumor invasion into bone. Additionally, bone metastases are more frequent in follicular and medullary thyroid cancers, requiring closer bone surveillance in patients with these histologies. Emerging data also suggest that treatments such as multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) can be less effective in controlling bone, as opposed to other (e.g. lung), metastases in thyroid cancers, making special attention to bone critical even in the setting of active MKI therapy. Although locoregional therapies including surgery, radiotherapy and ablation play important roles in palliation, antiresorptive agents including bisphosphonates and denosumab appear individually to delay and/or lessen skeletal morbidity and complications, with dosing frequency of every 3 months appearing optimal; their early application should therefore be strongly considered.
PubMed: 32154098
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100282 -
AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology Nov 2017This article reviews the normal anatomy of the extensor tendons of the wrist as well as the clinical presentation and MRI appearances of common tendon abnormalities,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This article reviews the normal anatomy of the extensor tendons of the wrist as well as the clinical presentation and MRI appearances of common tendon abnormalities, such as tears, tenosynovitis, intersection syndromes, and associated or predisposing osseous findings. Treatment options are also discussed.
CONCLUSION
We review the anatomy and normal MRI appearance of the clinically important dorsal extensor tendons of the wrist, in addition to the spectrum of abnormalities associated with these tendons.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tendinopathy; Tendons; Wrist Joint
PubMed: 28858545
DOI: 10.2214/AJR.17.17791 -
Development & Reproduction Dec 2022Today's Eastern philosophers try to use the formal logic organized by Aristotle, saying that there was no logic in the East. This researcher found that Confucius and...
Today's Eastern philosophers try to use the formal logic organized by Aristotle, saying that there was no logic in the East. This researcher found that Confucius and other Asians used Che-Yong logic. The Che-Yong logic is based on the Che-Yong law, which is a natural law. The Che-Yong law consists of the Che-Yong principle and the Hyeon-Mi principle. The Hyeon-Mi principle is that if there is an appearance on the outside, there is a corresponding cause in it. The Che-Yong principle is that the highest common cause of various appearances is Che, and the Che grows and changes on its own to become a Yong. Identifying Che and predicting Yong is Che-Yong logic. Here, I'd like to introduce Che-Yong logic and suggest a new research methodology to apply it.
PubMed: 36817356
DOI: 10.12717/DR.2022.26.4.183 -
Computational and Structural... 2023The nematode () is of significant interest for research into neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and drug screening. However, conducting these assays manually is a...
The nematode () is of significant interest for research into neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and drug screening. However, conducting these assays manually is a tedious and time-consuming process. This paper proposes a methodology to achieve a generalist C. elegans detection algorithm, as previous work only focused on dataset-specific detection, tailored exclusively to the characteristics and appearance of the images in a given dataset. The main aim of our study is to achieve a solution that allows for robust detection, regardless of the image-capture system used, with the potential to serve as a basis for the automation of numerous assays. These potential applications include worm counting, worm tracking, motion detection and motion characterization. To train this model, a dataset consisting of a wide variety of appearances adopted by has been curated and dataset augmentation methods have been proposed and evaluated, including synthetic image generation. The results show that the model achieves an average precision of 89.5% for a wide variety of appearances that were not used during training, thereby validating its generalization capabilities.
PubMed: 37867974
DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.09.039