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Virchows Archiv : An International... Jan 2022Spindle cell lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions, ranging from reactive and benign processes to aggressive malignant tumours. Despite their... (Review)
Review
Spindle cell lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions, ranging from reactive and benign processes to aggressive malignant tumours. Despite their rarity, they attract the attention of breast pathologists due to their overlapping morphological features and diagnostic challenges, particularly on core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens. Pathologists should recognise the wide range of differential diagnoses and be familiar with the diverse morphological appearances of these lesions to make an accurate diagnosis and to suggest proper management of the patients. Clinical history, immunohistochemistry, and molecular assays are helpful in making a correct diagnosis in morphologically challenging cases. In this review, we present our approach for the diagnosis of breast spindle cell lesions, highlighting the main features of each entity and the potential pitfalls, particularly on CNB. Breast spindle cell lesions are generally classified into two main categories: bland-appearing and malignant-appearing lesions. Each category includes a distinct list of differential diagnoses and a panel of immunohistochemical markers. In bland-appearing lesions, it is important to distinguish fibromatosis-like spindle cell metaplastic breast carcinoma from other benign entities and to distinguish fibromatosis from scar tissue. The malignant-appearing category includes spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma, stroma rich malignant phyllodes tumour, other primary and metastatic malignant spindle cell tumours of the breast, including angiosarcoma and melanoma, and benign mimics such as florid granulation tissue and nodular fasciitis.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Phyllodes Tumor
PubMed: 34322734
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03162-x -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2023Media representations play an important role in producing sociocultural pressures. Despite social and legal progress in civil rights, restrictive gender-based... (Review)
Review
Media representations play an important role in producing sociocultural pressures. Despite social and legal progress in civil rights, restrictive gender-based representations appear to be still very pervasive in some contexts. The article explores scientific research on the relationship between media representations and gender stereotypes, objectification and sexualization, focusing on their presence in the cultural context. Results show how stereotyping, objectifying and sexualizing representations appear to be still very common across a number of contexts. Exposure to stereotyping representations appears to strengthen beliefs in gender stereotypes and endorsement of gender role norms, as well as fostering sexism, harassment and violence in men and stifling career-related ambitions in women. Exposure to objectifying and sexualizing representations appears to be associated with the internalization of cultural ideals of appearance, endorsement of sexist attitudes and tolerance of abuse and body shame. In turn, factors associated with exposure to these representations have been linked to detrimental effects on physical and psychological well-being, such as eating disorder symptomatology, increased body surveillance and poorer body image quality of life. However, specificities in the pathways from exposure to detrimental effects on well-being are involved for certain populations that warrant further research.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Body Image; Quality of Life; Stereotyping; Sexism; Attitude; Gender Identity
PubMed: 37239498
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105770 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Dec 2022Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values,...
Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values, and preferences. Recognizing that people's physical appearances guide their decisions about social engagement, we examined whether cues to people's music preferences in their physical appearance and expressive poses help to guide social interaction. We found that perceivers could detect targets' music preferences from photos of their bodies, heads, faces, eyes, and mouths (but not hair) and that the targets' apparent traits (e.g., submissiveness, neatness) undergirded these judgments. Perceivers also desired to meet individuals who appeared to match their music preferences versus those who did not. Music preferences therefore seem to manifest in appearance, regulating interest in others and suggesting that one's identity redundantly emerges across different types of cues. People may thus infer others' music preferences to identify candidates for social bonding.
Topics: Humans; Social Perception; Music; Judgment; Cues
PubMed: 34581211
DOI: 10.1177/01461672211048291 -
Insights Into Imaging Aug 2022Lymphomatous involvement of the genitourinary system, particularly the kidneys, is commonly detected on autopsies; yet on conventional diagnostic imaging renal lymphoma... (Review)
Review
Lymphomatous involvement of the genitourinary system, particularly the kidneys, is commonly detected on autopsies; yet on conventional diagnostic imaging renal lymphoma is significantly underestimated and underreported, in part due to its variable imaging appearance and overlapping features with other conditions. We present a spectrum of typical and atypical appearances of renal lymphoma using multimodality imaging, while reviewing the roles of imaging in the detection, diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of patients with lymphoma. We also illustrate a breadth of benign and malignant entities with similar imaging features confounding the diagnosis of renal lymphoma, emphasizing the role of percutaneous image-guided biopsy. Understanding the spectrum of appearances of renal lymphoma and recognizing the overlapping entities will help radiologists improve diagnostic confidence and accuracy.
PubMed: 35962930
DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01260-1 -
Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and... 2017Eponyms and colloquialisms are commonly used in orthopaedic literature and convey a great deal of information in a concise fashion. Several orthopaedic conditions have... (Review)
Review
Eponyms and colloquialisms are commonly used in orthopaedic literature and convey a great deal of information in a concise fashion. Several orthopaedic conditions have characteristic clinical or radiologic appearances, mimicking the appearance of certain arms or weapons. Most of these are easy to memorise and recognise, provided the orthopaedic surgeon is aware of the colloquialism and familiar with the appearance of the weapon on which it is based. Unfortunately, many such colloquialisms are based on traditional weapons no longer in current use, and their appearances are not familiar to most orthopaedists, creating confusion and difficulty in understanding them. In this paper, we have reviewed the musculoskeletal colloquialisms based on weapons, including a brief description of the weapon with illustrations, highlighting the importance of the colloquialism in diagnosis or treatment of musculoskeletal conditions.
PubMed: 28360488
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2016.07.006 -
Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences Dec 2019Materials with complex appearances, like textiles and foodstuffs, pose challenges for conventional theories of vision. But recent advances in unsupervised deep learning... (Review)
Review
Materials with complex appearances, like textiles and foodstuffs, pose challenges for conventional theories of vision. But recent advances in unsupervised deep learning provide a framework for explaining how we learn to see them. We suggest that perception does not involve estimating physical quantities like reflectance or lighting. Instead, representations emerge from learning to encode and predict the visual input as efficiently and accurately as possible. Neural networks can be trained to compress natural images or to predict frames in movies without 'ground truth' data about the outside world. Yet, to succeed, such systems may automatically discover how to disentangle distal causal factors. Such 'statistical appearance models' potentially provide a coherent explanation of both failures and successes in perception.
PubMed: 31886321
DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.07.004 -
Journal of Bone Oncology Apr 2020Whereas preemptive screening for the presence of lymph node and lung metastases is standard-of-care in thyroid cancer patients, bone metastases are less well studied and... (Review)
Review
Whereas preemptive screening for the presence of lymph node and lung metastases is standard-of-care in thyroid cancer patients, bone metastases are less well studied and are often neglected in thyroid cancer patient surveillance. Bone metastases in thyroid cancer are, however, independently associated with poor/worse prognosis with a median overall survival from detection of only 4 years despite an otherwise excellent prognosis for the vast majority of thyroid cancer patients. In this review we summarize the state of current knowledge as pertinent to bony metastatic disease in thyroid cancer, including clinical implications, impacts on patient function and quality of life, pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities, proposing approaches to patient care accordingly. In particular, bone metastasis pathogenesis appears to reflect cooperatively between cancer and the bone microenvironment creating a "vicious cycle" of bone destruction rather than due exclusively to tumor invasion into bone. Additionally, bone metastases are more frequent in follicular and medullary thyroid cancers, requiring closer bone surveillance in patients with these histologies. Emerging data also suggest that treatments such as multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) can be less effective in controlling bone, as opposed to other (e.g. lung), metastases in thyroid cancers, making special attention to bone critical even in the setting of active MKI therapy. Although locoregional therapies including surgery, radiotherapy and ablation play important roles in palliation, antiresorptive agents including bisphosphonates and denosumab appear individually to delay and/or lessen skeletal morbidity and complications, with dosing frequency of every 3 months appearing optimal; their early application should therefore be strongly considered.
PubMed: 32154098
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100282 -
Development & Reproduction Dec 2022Today's Eastern philosophers try to use the formal logic organized by Aristotle, saying that there was no logic in the East. This researcher found that Confucius and...
Today's Eastern philosophers try to use the formal logic organized by Aristotle, saying that there was no logic in the East. This researcher found that Confucius and other Asians used Che-Yong logic. The Che-Yong logic is based on the Che-Yong law, which is a natural law. The Che-Yong law consists of the Che-Yong principle and the Hyeon-Mi principle. The Hyeon-Mi principle is that if there is an appearance on the outside, there is a corresponding cause in it. The Che-Yong principle is that the highest common cause of various appearances is Che, and the Che grows and changes on its own to become a Yong. Identifying Che and predicting Yong is Che-Yong logic. Here, I'd like to introduce Che-Yong logic and suggest a new research methodology to apply it.
PubMed: 36817356
DOI: 10.12717/DR.2022.26.4.183 -
International Dental Journal Oct 2022Monkeypox (MPX) caused by the MPX virus, is a contagious disease confined mainly to African regions, and is currently making multiple appearances outside of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Monkeypox (MPX) caused by the MPX virus, is a contagious disease confined mainly to African regions, and is currently making multiple appearances outside of disease-endemic countries. World Health Organization (WHO) very recently declared the current monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. We review here the salient features of MPX and its possible impact on dentistry.
METHODS
The data on the aetiology, transmission modes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management, including the risk of its occupational transmission in dental settings, were garnered from the current literature, mainly from the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention databases.
RESULTS
Over recent months, MPX has reemerged in more than 88 countries in Europe, North America, and Australia, with some 22000 case reports to date (as of July 2022). The initial signs of MPX appear during the prodromal period, in the oral cavity as single or multiple macular lesions on the oral mucosa, accompanied by generalised lymphadenopathy. Subsequently, the characteristic rash appears on the skin and spreads centripetally from the trunk towards the palms and soles. MPX is a self-limiting disease with very low mortality and may last from 2 to 4 weeks. Although MPX is similar to chickenpox, there are a number of differentiating signs, the main element being lymphadenopathy. Strict adherence to standard, contact, and droplet infection control precautions, including wearing N95 masks, FFP3 respirators, fluid-resistant attire, and eye protection, is necessary to prevent its spread.
CONCLUSIONS
MPX appears to be a significant travel-related disease. Dental care workers should note that premonitory signs of the disease usually appear on the oral mucosa as macules and ulcers prior to the characteristic skin lesions. Implementing standard, contact, and droplet infection control measures, patient isolation, and referral are important, particularly during a local outbreak. A vaccine specific for MPX is under development, although the smallpox vaccine appears to be effective.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Lymphadenopathy; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox Vaccine; Travel; Travel-Related Illness; United States
PubMed: 35934521
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.07.006