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Clinics in Dermatology 2017Atopic dermatitis is a complex, systemic inflammatory disorder associated with a variety of clinical features. The original criteria of Hanifin and Rajka include major... (Review)
Review
Atopic dermatitis is a complex, systemic inflammatory disorder associated with a variety of clinical features. The original criteria of Hanifin and Rajka include major criteria and a list of about two dozen minor criteria however, even the minor criteria do not include some features of atopic dermatitis noted less commonly but still seen with some frequency. This contribution first reviews the common clinical appearance of atopic dermatitis in infancy, childhood, and adulthood, as well as the less typical appearances, including lichenoid atopic dermatitis; juvenile plantar dermatosis; nummular-type atopic dermatitis; follicular atopic dermatitis; alopecia of atopic dermatitis; eczema coxsackium; and psoriasiform, perineal, and lip licker's dermatitis. The clinician will be able to recognize and treat rarer forms of atopic dermatitis and incorporate this into their daily practice.
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Age Factors; Alopecia; Dermatitis, Atopic; Eczema; Humans; Lichenoid Eruptions
PubMed: 28709565
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.03.007 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2018Seborrheic keratosis (SK), whose appearance is generally a small roundish reddish to brownish scaling lesion ranging in size from a few mm to many mm, may have a single... (Review)
Review
Seborrheic keratosis (SK), whose appearance is generally a small roundish reddish to brownish scaling lesion ranging in size from a few mm to many mm, may have a single presentation or be one of many such lesions. Because it is a commonly encountered lesion on the face, trunk, or extemities and is readily recognized clinically, it is infrequently biopsied. When the lesion has an unusual pattern or has become irritated, it may rarely mimic a malignancy,Most patients ignore such common age spots; however, others may have concern about their appearence, in which case the SKs have been surgicaly excised. In recent retrospective studies and case reports, SKs have rarely been found to have malignant characteristics. Although these studies are inconclusive, lesions that are inflamed, bleeding, ulcerated, or sufficiently irritated may require being biopsied to rule out melanoma or other malignancies.
Topics: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; Keratosis, Seborrheic; Retrospective Studies; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 29566932
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.09.011 -
Insights Into Imaging Aug 2016Pattern recognition is a key tool that enables radiologists to evoke certain diagnoses based on a radiologic appearance. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Polonius tells his son... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Pattern recognition is a key tool that enables radiologists to evoke certain diagnoses based on a radiologic appearance. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Polonius tells his son Laertes to dress well because "apparel oft proclaims the man"; this phrase is now expressed in modern parlance as "the clothes maketh the man". Similarly in radiology, appearances are everything, and in the case of radiologic signs, occasionally "the clothes maketh the sign". The radiologic signs described in this pictorial review resemble items of clothing, fabric types, headwear, or accessories and are found in the musculoskeletal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. These "clothing signs" serve as a useful visual trigger to help radiologists to identify particular disease entities.
TEACHING POINTS
• Pattern recognition enables radiologists to evoke a diagnosis based on radiologic appearance. • The radiologic signs described in this review resemble clothing, fabric, or accessories. • These "clothing signs" serve as visual triggers that evoke particular disease entities.
PubMed: 27271510
DOI: 10.1007/s13244-016-0507-4 -
International Journal of Computer... Jul 2022This work aims for a systematic comparison of popular shape and appearance models. Here, two statistical and four deep-learning-based shape and appearance models are...
PURPOSE
This work aims for a systematic comparison of popular shape and appearance models. Here, two statistical and four deep-learning-based shape and appearance models are compared and evaluated in terms of their expressiveness described by their generalization ability and specificity as well as further properties like input data format, interpretability and latent space distribution and dimension.
METHODS
Classical shape models and their locality-based extension are considered next to autoencoders, variational autoencoders, diffeomorphic autoencoders and generative adversarial networks. The approaches are evaluated in terms of generalization ability, specificity and likeness depending on the amount of training data. Furthermore, various latent space metrics are presented in order to capture further major characteristics of the models.
RESULTS
The experimental setup showed that locality statistical shape models yield best results in terms of generalization ability for 2D and 3D shape modeling. However, the deep learning approaches show strongly improved specificity. In the case of simultaneous shape and appearance modeling, the neural networks are able to generate more realistic and diverse appearances. A major drawback of the deep-learning models is, however, their impaired interpretability and ambiguity of the latent space.
CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded that for applications not requiring particularly good specificity, shape modeling can be reliably established with locality-based statistical shape models, especially when it comes to 3D shapes. However, deep learning approaches are more worthwhile in terms of appearance modeling.
Topics: Humans; Models, Statistical; Neural Networks, Computer
PubMed: 35128605
DOI: 10.1007/s11548-022-02567-6 -
Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990) 2018Frequently appearing as a complication of pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts are rare appearances in current medical practice. Multiple therapeutical options are... (Review)
Review
Frequently appearing as a complication of pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts are rare appearances in current medical practice. Multiple therapeutical options are available, from minimum invasive methods to complex open surgical techniques. The indications of drainage include symptomatic pseudocysts, large pseudocysts along with the development of complications such as hemorrhage, secondary infection, and rupture. Choosing the best drainage technique is often a challenge. Multiple factors need to be considered in managing a pseudoocyst, including its location, dimension and the patient's general state and comorbidities. Thus, a therapeutical algorithm may be of great use in choosing the most feasible technique for the diagnosed lesion that is also patient-adapted.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Drainage; Humans; Pancreatectomy; Pancreatic Pseudocyst; Pancreatitis; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29981666
DOI: 10.21614/chirurgia.113.3.353 -
Pharmaceutics Jun 2023Targeted radionuclide therapy has become increasingly prominent as a nuclear medicine subspecialty. For many decades, treatment with radionuclides has been mainly... (Review)
Review
Targeted radionuclide therapy has become increasingly prominent as a nuclear medicine subspecialty. For many decades, treatment with radionuclides has been mainly restricted to the use of iodine-131 in thyroid disorders. Currently, radiopharmaceuticals, consisting of a radionuclide coupled to a vector that binds to a desired biological target with high specificity, are being developed. The objective is to be as selective as possible at the tumor level, while limiting the dose received at the healthy tissue level. In recent years, a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of cancer, as well as the appearance of innovative targeting agents (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) and the availability of new radioisotopes, have enabled considerable advances in the field of vectorized internal radiotherapy with a better therapeutic efficacy, radiation safety and personalized treatments. For instance, targeting the tumor microenvironment, instead of the cancer cells, now appears particularly attractive. Several radiopharmaceuticals for therapeutic targeting have shown clinical value in several types of tumors and have been or will soon be approved and authorized for clinical use. Following their clinical and commercial success, research in that domain is particularly growing, with the clinical pipeline appearing as a promising target. This review aims to provide an overview of current research on targeting radionuclide therapy.
PubMed: 37376181
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061733 -
Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine :... Dec 2017The pronator teres muscle is rarely examined during a routine sonographic examination of the elbow joint. Nevertheless, it can be affected by a variety of conditions,... (Review)
Review
The pronator teres muscle is rarely examined during a routine sonographic examination of the elbow joint. Nevertheless, it can be affected by a variety of conditions, including trauma and tumors, and can be implicated in compression of the median nerve. This pictorial essay first illustrates the anatomy and biomechanics of the pronator teres. Then we present the sonographic technique for examination, normal sonographic appearance, and anatomic variations of the pronator teres and adjacent structures as well as sonography of their main disorders. Normal and pathologic sonographic appearances are correlated with magnetic resonance imaging and radiographic results.
Topics: Elbow Joint; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 28670713
DOI: 10.1002/jum.14306 -
Journal of Vision May 2024Materials exhibit an extraordinary range of visual appearances. Characterizing and quantifying appearance is important not only for basic research on perceptual...
Materials exhibit an extraordinary range of visual appearances. Characterizing and quantifying appearance is important not only for basic research on perceptual mechanisms but also for computer graphics and a wide range of industrial applications. Although methods exist for capturing and representing the optical properties of materials and how they vary across surfaces (Haindl & Filip, 2013), the representations are typically very high-dimensional, and how these representations relate to subjective perceptual impressions of material appearance remains poorly understood. Here, we used a data-driven approach to characterizing the perceived appearance characteristics of 30 samples of wood veneer using a "visual fingerprint" that describes each sample as a multidimensional feature vector, with each dimension capturing a different aspect of the appearance. Fifty-six crowd-sourced participants viewed triplets of movies depicting different wood samples as the sample rotated. Their task was to report which of the two match samples was subjectively most similar to the test sample. In another online experiment, 45 participants rated 10 wood-related appearance characteristics for each of the samples. The results reveal a consistent embedding of the samples across both experiments and a set of nine perceptual dimensions capturing aspects including the roughness, directionality, and spatial scale of the surface patterns. We also showed that a weighted linear combination of 11 image statistics, inspired by the rating characteristics, predicts perceptual dimensions well.
Topics: Humans; Wood; Female; Adult; Male; Young Adult; Surface Properties; Photic Stimulation; Form Perception; Pattern Recognition, Visual
PubMed: 38787569
DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.5.12 -
Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical... 2022In 1905, Felix Gaisbock, MD, described a syndrome in patients with hypertension, elevated hematocrit levels, plethoric appearances, and no splenomegaly. He postulated...
In 1905, Felix Gaisbock, MD, described a syndrome in patients with hypertension, elevated hematocrit levels, plethoric appearances, and no splenomegaly. He postulated this relative erythrocytosis was due to stress. In this case report, a 40-year-old Caucasian man with obesity was admitted with recurrent deep vein thrombosis and increasing oxygen requirements 2 weeks after hospitalization with COVID-19 pneumonia. This patient had a 10-year history of untreated hypertension and erythrocytosis. He had a ruddy appearance, a normal erythropoietin level, and a negative JAK2 V617 mutation. In this case, Gaisbock syndrome was suspected.
PubMed: 35261454
DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2021.2022370 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2021The purpose of this study was to determine classification criteria for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine classification criteria for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.
DESIGN
Machine learning of cases with CMV retinitis and 4 other infectious posterior/ panuveitides.
METHODS
Cases of infectious posterior/panuveitides were collected in an informatics-designed preliminary database, and a final database was constructed of cases achieving supermajority agreement on diagnosis using formal consensus techniques. Cases were split into a training set and a validation set. Machine learning using multinomial logistic regression was used in the training set to determine a parsimonious set of criteria that minimized the misclassification rate among the infectious posterior/panuveitides. The resulting criteria were evaluated in the validation set.
RESULTS
A total of 803 cases of infectious posterior/panuveitides, including 211 cases of CMV retinitis, were evaluated by machine learning. Key criteria for CMV retinitis included: 1) necrotizing retinitis with indistinct borders due to numerous small satellites; 2) evidence of immune compromise; and either 3) a characteristic clinical appearance, or 4) positive polymerase chain reaction assay results for CMV from an intraocular specimen. Characteristic appearances for CMV retinitis included: 1) wedge-shaped area of retinitis; 2) hemorrhagic retinitis; or 3) granular retinitis. Overall accuracy for infectious posterior/panuveitides was 92.1% in the training set and 93.3% (95% confidence interval: 88.2-96.3) in the validation set. The misclassification rates for CMV retinitis were 6.9% in the training set and 6.3% in the validation set.
CONCLUSIONS
The criteria for CMV retinitis had a low misclassification rate and appeared to perform sufficiently well for use in clinical and translational research.
Topics: Adult; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis; DNA, Viral; Eye Infections, Viral; Female; Humans; Machine Learning; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 33845015
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.051