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Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR Apr 2015An abnormal location, distribution, volume, or appearance of meconium is associated with a spectrum of bowel abnormalities, including atresia, obstruction, perforation,... (Review)
Review
An abnormal location, distribution, volume, or appearance of meconium is associated with a spectrum of bowel abnormalities, including atresia, obstruction, perforation, fistula, aganglionosis, immaturity, and absorptive dysfunction. This review discusses the fetal and perinatal imaging of these entities, their differential diagnoses, clinical significance, and appropriate imaging workup. Understanding the spectrum of normal and abnormal, specific and nonspecific appearances of meconium and its associated abnormalities on imaging will provide a practical, useful framework for performing and interpreting imaging studies and guiding clinical management.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestines; Meconium; Pregnancy; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 26001945
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2015.01.007 -
Computer Methods and Programs in... Feb 2022Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) is an important medical evaluation tool for renal pathology. In the DIF images, the deposition appearances and locations of...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) is an important medical evaluation tool for renal pathology. In the DIF images, the deposition appearances and locations of immunoglobulin on glomeruli involve immunological characteristics of glomerulonephritis and thus can be used to aid in the identification of glomerulonephritis disease. Manual classification to such deposition patterns is time consuming and may lead to significant inter and intra operator variances. We wanted to automate the identification and fusion of deposition location and deposition appearance to assist physicians in achieving immunofluorescence reporting.
METHODS
In this paper, we propose a framework that consists of a pre-segmentation module and a classification module for automatically segmenting glomerulus object and classifying the deposition pattern of immunoglobulin on glomerulus object. For the pre-segmentation module, the glomerulus object is segmented out from the acquired DIF images using a segmentation network, which excludes other tissues and makes the classification module focus on the glomerulus. For the classification module, two branches of classifying deposition region and appearance, respectively, are formed by using multiple attentions convolutional neural network (MANet) based on the segmented images, and the classification results of the two pre-trained classification networks are fused with labels.
RESULTS
Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves a high classification performance with an accuracy of 98% and 95% in terms of deposition region and appearance, respectively. The label fusion of deposition appearance and deposition classification is achieved with high accuracy based on well-trained classification.
CONCLUSIONS
The data show that automated and accurate patterned immunofluorescence report generation is achieved, which can effectively help improve the diagnosis of autoimmune kidney disease.
Topics: Attention; Biopsy; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Neural Networks, Computer
PubMed: 34852936
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106532 -
Annals of Gastroenterology 2018Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are generally thought to be of Schwann cell origin and are typically S-100 positive. Up to 11% of these tumors affect the gastrointestinal... (Review)
Review
Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are generally thought to be of Schwann cell origin and are typically S-100 positive. Up to 11% of these tumors affect the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly the esophagus, colon, and stomach. While GCTs are mostly benign, malignant and metastatic GCTs have been reported. GCTs are usually found incidentally during esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, imaging studies or during the evaluation of non-specific symptoms. Endoscopically, they are typically yellow in appearance with intact mucosa. On endoscopic ultrasound, they usually are hypoechoic, homogenous, smooth-edged lesions that appear to originate from the submucosal layer, although other endoscopic and ultrasound appearances have been described. There is no consensus on how to treat GCT. Surgical and conservative approaches have been described in the literature. GCTs can also affect the biliary tract, where patients may be misdiagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma. We explore the epidemiology, histology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of these tumors in the gastrointestinal tract, including the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the perianal region. In addition, GCTs in the biliary tract are reviewed.
PubMed: 29991888
DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0275 -
Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine :... Dec 2022Peripheral arterial and venous examinations are performed regularly in vascular labs and interpreted by physicians of different specialities. Many vascular examinations... (Review)
Review
Peripheral arterial and venous examinations are performed regularly in vascular labs and interpreted by physicians of different specialities. Many vascular examinations have nonvascular pathology that is either inadvertently imaged by the sonographer or imaged with intent as it relates to patient's symptoms. It is prudent for every reader of vascular studies to be acquainted with the sonographic appearance of these non-vascular lesions to enable appropriate and optimal interpretation that has a direct bearing on patient's clinical care. Our review includes a discussion of the nonvascular pathologies like lymph nodes, soft tissue edema, soft tissue fluid collections, musculotendinous injuries, soft tissue masses, and joint and bursal pathologies that may be encountered during interpretation of vascular exams. The pictorial essay includes a discussion of their sonographic appearances and pitfalls in interpretation. Multiple illustrative examples and sonographic images of the non-vascular pathologies found during interpretation of vascular studies have been utilized to highlight their appearances.
Topics: Humans; Veins; Arteries; Ultrasonography; Lower Extremity
PubMed: 35984099
DOI: 10.1002/jum.16087 -
Diabetologia Aug 2017Underlying type 1 diabetes is a genetic aetiology dominated by the influence of specific HLA haplotypes involving primarily the class II DR-DQ region. In genetically... (Review)
Review
Underlying type 1 diabetes is a genetic aetiology dominated by the influence of specific HLA haplotypes involving primarily the class II DR-DQ region. In genetically predisposed children with the DR4-DQ8 haplotype, exogenous factors, yet to be identified, are thought to trigger an autoimmune reaction against insulin, signalled by insulin autoantibodies as the first autoantibody to appear. In children with the DR3-DQ2 haplotype, the triggering reaction is primarily against GAD signalled by GAD autoantibodies (GADA) as the first-appearing autoantibody. The incidence rate of insulin autoantibodies as the first-appearing autoantibody peaks during the first years of life and declines thereafter. The incidence rate of GADA as the first-appearing autoantibody peaks later but does not decline. The first autoantibody may variably be followed, in an apparently non-HLA-associated pathogenesis, by a second, third or fourth autoantibody. Although not all persons with a single type of autoantibody progress to diabetes, the presence of multiple autoantibodies seems invariably to be followed by loss of functional beta cell mass and eventually by dysglycaemia and symptoms. Infiltration of mononuclear cells in and around the islets appears to be a late phenomenon appearing in the multiple-autoantibody-positive with dysglycaemia. As our understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes advances, the improved capability for early prediction should guide new strategies for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Humans; Insulin Antibodies; Male
PubMed: 28550517
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4308-1 -
Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and... 2017Eponyms and colloquialisms are commonly used in orthopaedic literature and convey a great deal of information in a concise fashion. Several orthopaedic conditions have... (Review)
Review
Eponyms and colloquialisms are commonly used in orthopaedic literature and convey a great deal of information in a concise fashion. Several orthopaedic conditions have characteristic clinical or radiologic appearances, mimicking the appearance of certain arms or weapons. Most of these are easy to memorise and recognise, provided the orthopaedic surgeon is aware of the colloquialism and familiar with the appearance of the weapon on which it is based. Unfortunately, many such colloquialisms are based on traditional weapons no longer in current use, and their appearances are not familiar to most orthopaedists, creating confusion and difficulty in understanding them. In this paper, we have reviewed the musculoskeletal colloquialisms based on weapons, including a brief description of the weapon with illustrations, highlighting the importance of the colloquialism in diagnosis or treatment of musculoskeletal conditions.
PubMed: 28360488
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2016.07.006 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2023Virtual reality (VR) environments are increasingly popular for various applications, and the appearance of virtual characters is a critical factor that influences user...
Virtual reality (VR) environments are increasingly popular for various applications, and the appearance of virtual characters is a critical factor that influences user behaviors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of avatar and agent appearances on pre-touch proxemics in VR. To achieve this goal, we designed experiments utilizing three user avatars (man/woman/robot) and three virtual agents (man/woman/robot). Specifically, we measured the pre-touch reaction distances to the face and body, which are the distances at which a person starts to feel uncomfortable before being touched. We examined how these distances varied based on the appearances of avatars, agents, and user gender. Our results revealed that the appearance of avatars and agents significantly impacted pre-touch reaction distances. Specifically, those using a female avatar tended to maintain larger distances before their face and body to be touched, and people also preferred greater distances before being touched by a robot agent. Interestingly, we observed no effects of user gender on pre-touch reaction distances. These findings have implications for the design and implementation of VR systems, as they suggest that avatar and agent appearances play a significant role in shaping users' perceptions of pre-touch proxemics. Our study highlights the importance of considering these factors when creating immersive and socially acceptable VR experiences.
PubMed: 37546466
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195059 -
Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North... Aug 2014The increased demand for facial cosmetic surgery has come from a more diverse, informed, and selective patient population from all walks of life. Virtually no two... (Review)
Review
The increased demand for facial cosmetic surgery has come from a more diverse, informed, and selective patient population from all walks of life. Virtually no two patients have the same background or cosmetic objectives. However, the classic tenets of beauty including phi, symmetry, averageness, youthfulness, and sexual dimorphism can be applied to persons of all ethnicities to assist in objectifying the abstract concept.
Topics: Beauty; Culture; Humans; Nose; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Rhinoplasty
PubMed: 25049119
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2014.04.005 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... May 2022To determine why some implants can appear to be well osseointegrated with no signs of infection and yet can remain sensitive to percussion and painful and unable to...
OBJECTIVE
To determine why some implants can appear to be well osseointegrated with no signs of infection and yet can remain sensitive to percussion and painful and unable to tolerate the weight of a restoration.
STUDY DESIGN
Five patients were identified who between them had 7 implants that met the criteria of being persistently painful and sensitive to percussion while appearing to be well integrated and otherwise disease free. High-definition cone beam computed tomography scans were obtained for all patients. All patients had failed medical treatment.
RESULTS
The cone beam computed tomography scans showed radiolucent channels running from the nearest nerve trunk to the vicinity of the sensitive implants. These may represent neurovascular channels that originally supplied the teeth that were present at the site of the implants, and they may have terminal neuromas that neuromas may be irritated by the implant. In all cases removal of the offending implant caused either substantial or complete relief of discomfort.
CONCLUSION
The presence of terminal neuromas within the jaws may be responsible for persistent pain and sensitivity in an otherwise well-integrated and disease-free implant. Removal of the offending implant appears to be the only treatment.
Topics: Bone-Anchored Prosthesis; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Dental Implants; Humans; Neuroma; Pain
PubMed: 35153186
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.008 -
International Journal of Cardiology Jul 2016In human history, certain mathematical figures or concepts had gained a significant reputation largely due to their occult and esoteric meanings. Among these, Golden... (Review)
Review
In human history, certain mathematical figures or concepts had gained a significant reputation largely due to their occult and esoteric meanings. Among these, Golden Ratio and associated concepts, namely golden proportions, had elicited a tremendous breakthrough in our human awareness and perception regarding mundane and spiritual aspects of physical existence. Golden Ratio or Number (with a numerical value of 1.618) that is also referred to as the Greek letter Phi (φ), has been universally expressed on a line partitioned into two unequal lengths (L, the longer and S, the shorter) in such a manner that L/S=(L+S)/L. Besides, appearing in certain number sequences (Fibonacci Series, etc.), golden proportions, to the consternation of observers, appear to be strikingly prevalent across all levels of physical existence from the innermost structures to the colossal galaxies of the universe potentially labeling these concepts as the measures of divine aesthetics. Accordingly, the human body also serves as an epitome of these mysterious concepts as exemplified by its outward appearance including general stature and extremities along with a variety of inner organ systems. Based on preliminary studies, the human cardiovascular system might also be suggested to serve as a major predilection site of divine aesthetics as measured with Golden Ratio and its allies. This appears to be completely in line with the ancient knowledge associating the human heart with the esoteric and spiritual components of human nature including human soul. Within this context, the present paper primarily aims to discuss human manifestations of divine aesthetics as measured with 'Golden Ratio' and associated indices with a particular and detailed emphasis on their potential link with the human cardiovascular system.
Topics: Esthetics; Heart; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Cardiovascular
PubMed: 27060268
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.166