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Consciousness and Cognition Jan 2024We seem to have rich experience across our visual field. Yet we are surprisingly poor at tasks involving the periphery and low spatial attention. Recently, Lau and...
We seem to have rich experience across our visual field. Yet we are surprisingly poor at tasks involving the periphery and low spatial attention. Recently, Lau and collaborators have argued that a phenomenon known as "subjective inflation" allows us to reconcile these phenomena. I show inflation is consistent with multiple interpretations, with starkly different consequences for richness and for theories of consciousness more broadly. What's more, we have only weak reasons favouring any of these interpretations over the others. I provisionally argue for an interpretation on which subjective experience is genuinely rich, but (in peripheral/unattended areas) unreliable as a guide to the external world. The main challenge for this view is that it appears to imply that experience in the periphery is not just unreliable but unstable. However, I argue that this consequence, while initially appearing unintuitive, is in fact plausible.
Topics: Humans; Visual Perception; Attention; Consciousness; Visual Fields
PubMed: 38150781
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103624 -
PloS One 2023In recent decades, attitudes towards appearance comparison, and self-disapproval have rapidly increased, and these are attitudes strongly associated with psychological...
In recent decades, attitudes towards appearance comparison, and self-disapproval have rapidly increased, and these are attitudes strongly associated with psychological disorders. The present study aims to investigate the underlying patterns of depression, appearance-based stress, dietary constraints, and social and celebrity appearance comparison among young adults. It also examines the role of self-compassion in moderating the relationship between psychological dysfunctions and appearance comparison as well as the criteria and influences contributing to appearance comparison. Data on BMI, the measures of depression, appearance-based stress, eating restraints, appearance comparison, self-compassion, and predictors of peers and celebrity appearance comparison were collected from 434 college students (Age: Mean = 22; SD = 2.36; Male = Female = 217) in Sialkot, Pakistan. The data was analyzed by using the Hierarchical Regression Model. The results revealed that respondents who compared their appearances to peers and celebrities had increased depression and appearance-based stress while eating constraints didn't affect the appearance-based comparison, stress, and depression. Moreover, self-compassion significantly moderated the relationship between depression, appearance-based stress, and appearance comparison whereas an insignificant moderation effect is observed between eating restraints and self-compassion. Despite psychological distresses such as depression, appearance-based stress, and eating restraints, appearance comparisons are connected to appearance-based victimization, media appearance pressure, social-cultural appearance pressure, appearance conversation, and self-consciousness.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Male; Female; Self Concept; Self-Compassion; Empathy; Mental Disorders; Emotions
PubMed: 37943777
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293798 -
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and... Feb 2024Reflectance models capture many types of visual appearances. The most plausible reflectance models follow the Microfacet theory, which is specifically based on...
Reflectance models capture many types of visual appearances. The most plausible reflectance models follow the Microfacet theory, which is specifically based on statistical representations, with an analytic visibility term. This visibility term has a significant impact on appearance. Visibility computed with the masking term proposed by Smith [1], and revisited by Ashikhmin et al.[2], is nowadays considered as the most plausible in the literature. It is simple and efficient to evaluate for statistical distributions, but it relies on assumptions that are not necessarily respected by real surfaces. This paper proposes an in-depth study of masking for meshed height-field surfaces, generated either from measured real-world materials or from functions derived from distributions of surface normals. We experimentally estimate the masking (and shadowing) of surfaces using a ray-casting technique, and compare their measurements with the theoretical model from Smith and Ashikhmin et al. We show that their assumptions are too restrictive for a majority of real-world surfaces. We propose a model capable of predicting how close the theoretical masking term can be from the masking term estimated by a ray-casting approach. Although most surfaces break their assumptions, our results show that the term from Smith and Ashikhmin et al. can still be reasonably employed for a fraction in a set of more than 400 measured surfaces, with low errors compared to a ray-casting masking estimation, much lower computation times, and very similar visual appearances. Our model can be used to predict the incurred error on a physically-based rendering simulation with a microfacet-based BRDF created from real-world surfaces, instead of explicitly calculating the masking term from its height field.
PubMed: 38329853
DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2024.3363659 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Jul 2021Hydatidiform mole (HM) affects around 1/1000 pregnancies, and in such cases the recurrence risk is around 1%, being greater for those with complete HM (CHM). Whilst most... (Review)
Review
Hydatidiform mole (HM) affects around 1/1000 pregnancies, and in such cases the recurrence risk is around 1%, being greater for those with complete HM (CHM). Whilst most cases appear sporadic with unknown mechanisms, there is a distinct subgroup of patients who suffer recurrent pregnancy loss, including multiple recurrent CHM (familial recurrent biparental HM syndrome). The majority of these cases are related to maternal genetic mutations in genes related to the control of imprinting, specifically NALP7 and KHDC3L. Oocyte donation is an effective treatment allowing these patients to have successful pregnancies. Approximately 1 in 50,000 pregnancies are complicated by twin pregnancy comprising normal foetus and HM, the majority of reported cases being CHM. Such pregnancies are at significantly increased risk of complications, including pregnancy loss, early-onset preeclampsia and severe preterm delivery, but when managed conservatively the delivery of a liveborn healthy infant occurs in around one-third of cases. Regardless of management, the risk of persistent GTD in such cases appears similar to that following singleton CHM. Rarely, other conditions mimic prenatal ultrasound appearances of twin pregnancy with HM, CHM mosaicism and placental mesenchymal dysplasia, both of which have distinctive histological and genetic features.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hydatidiform Mole; Infant, Newborn; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Twin; Proteins; Uterine Neoplasms
PubMed: 33451920
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.12.002 -
ACS Nano Apr 2023The nanostructures of natural species offer beautiful visual appearances with saturated and iridescent colors, and the question arises whether we can reproduce or even...
The nanostructures of natural species offer beautiful visual appearances with saturated and iridescent colors, and the question arises whether we can reproduce or even create unique appearances with man-made metasurfaces. However, harnessing the specular and diffuse light scattered by disordered metasurfaces to create attractive and prescribed visual effects is currently inaccessible. Here, we present an interpretive, intuitive, and accurate modal-based tool that unveils the main physical mechanisms and features defining the appearance of colloidal disordered monolayers of resonant meta-atoms deposited on a reflective substrate. The model shows that the combination of plasmonic and Fabry-Perot resonances offers uncommon iridescent visual appearances, differing from those classically observed with natural nanostructures or thin-film interferences. We highlight an unusual visual effect exhibiting only two distinct colors and theoretically investigate its origin. The approach can be useful in the design of visual appearance with easy-to-make and universal building blocks having a large resilience to fabrication imperfections and potential for innovative coatings and fine-art applications.
PubMed: 36976862
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10962 -
AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology Oct 2018Topical tissue sealants and hemostatic agents, seen on postoperative imaging in a variety of intraabdominal and pelvic locations, have the potential to be mistaken for... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Topical tissue sealants and hemostatic agents, seen on postoperative imaging in a variety of intraabdominal and pelvic locations, have the potential to be mistaken for abdominal abnormalities, especially if the radiologist is not aware of the patient's surgical history. The normal appearance of these agents may mimic abscesses, tumors, enlarged lymph nodes, or retained foreign bodies. Therefore, it is important to be familiar with their typical imaging appearances and to review the surgical records when needed to avoid misdiagnoses. The purpose of this article is to increase the radiologist's familiarity with various types of topical tissue sealants and hemostatic agents used during surgical and percutaneous procedures in the abdomen and pelvis along with their radiologic appearances.
CONCLUSION
Various types of hemostatic agents are now commonly used during surgery and percutaneous procedures in the abdomen and pelvis, and it is important to recognize the various appearances of these agents. Although there are suggestive features outlined in this article, the most important factor for the radiologist is to be aware of the patient's history and the possibility that a hemostatic agent may be present. On postoperative imaging, hemostatic agents may mimic abscesses, tumors, enlarged lymph nodes, or retained foreign bodies, and accurate diagnosis can save a patient unnecessary treatment. It is therefore crucial to incorporate knowledge of the patient's surgical history with recognition of the typical imaging appearances of hemostatic agents and other pseudolesions to avoid misdiagnoses.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; Foreign Bodies; Hemostatics; Humans; Postoperative Period; Radiography, Abdominal
PubMed: 30063381
DOI: 10.2214/AJR.17.18991 -
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : JCU Jan 2019To evaluate the sonographic ultrasound (US) appearances of adrenal gland schwannomas.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the sonographic ultrasound (US) appearances of adrenal gland schwannomas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of 15 cases of schwannomas involving the adrenal gland. The following US features were assessed: size, border, echogenicity, homogeneity, intralesional cystic necrosis, presence of septa, intralesional calcification, posterior acoustic enhancement and blood supply.
RESULTS
Of the 15 tumors, seven (46.7%) were located on the left side, and the remaining eight (53.3%) on the right side. The most frequent US appearance of adrenal schwannoma was a single, well-defined and isoechoic mass. The internal echotexture was homogeneous in 2 cases, and heterogeneous in 13 cases, with intralesional cystic areas (n = 11), septa (n = 10) or calcifications (n = 6). Posterior acoustic enhancement was seen in 12 of the 15 cases (80%). On color Doppler US, 86.7% (13/15) of the lesions did not show any vascularity.
CONCLUSIONS
Adrenal schwannomas usually present on US as well-defined isoechoic masses often with posterior acoustic enhancement, cystic necrosis with septa and poor blood supply. These appearances should suggest the diagnosis of adrenal schwannomas. Nevertheless, additional information from laboratory tests and CT or MR imaging may be required to avoid unnecessary surgery.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenal Glands; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neurilemmoma; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography; Young Adult
PubMed: 30284326
DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22644 -
Journal of Comparative Psychology... Aug 2021Reports an error in "How comparative was (is) the ? A reptilian perspective" by Gordon M. Burghardt (, Advanced Online Publication, Aug 05, 2021, np). In the article...
Reports an error in "How comparative was (is) the ? A reptilian perspective" by Gordon M. Burghardt (, Advanced Online Publication, Aug 05, 2021, np). In the article "How Comparative Was (Is) the Journal of Comparative Psychology? A Reptilian Perspective" by Gordon M. Burghardt (Journal of Comparative Psychology. Advance online publication. August 5, 2021. http://doi.org/10.1037/com0000290), the phrase in the introduction that includes the Dewbury (1998) citation also includes an extra word. The phrase should appear as Dewbury (1998) noted that the focus. The year of publication for the Journal of Animal Behavior that appears in the third line of the Method section should appear as (1911-1917). The last sentence in the first paragraph of the Method section should appear as The 8,911 entries over this 110-year period constituted the data analyzed here in detail. The first sentence of the Results section should appear as The Journal of Animal Behavior published 238 articles in its 7-year run. The last phrase of the first paragraph of the Results section should appear as and 8,635 published items of the JCP and JCPP.... (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2021-71123-001.) Comparative psychology, and particularly the , has been criticized for a lack of taxon diversity. The nature and consequences of the critiques are discussed and assessed by analyzing the representation of nonavian reptiles in the journal over its 100-year existence. Although reptiles are indeed rare in the journal, their representation has greatly increased in recent decades, and especially since about 1980. More interestingly, the mix among the major reptilian groups: turtles, lizards, snakes, and crocodylians, has shifted. First turtles predominated in studies, but in recent decades, snakes were far more prominent. In the last 50 years of the journal, there were 10 times the number of articles on snakes than in the first 50 years, turtles declined, and lizards increased greatly, although their totals remained less than half the number of snake articles. Crocodylians only appeared in the first several volumes in the 1920s and never again. The predominance of snakes, not known for their cognitive prowess, in a journal viewed increasingly as an outlet for work on comparative cognition, is discussed. Finally, it appears that the low representation of reptile behavioral research is not peculiar to the , but animal behavior journals more generally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
PubMed: 34553975
DOI: 10.1037/com0000298 -
Journal of Experimental Psychology.... Sep 2020People try to avoid appearing dishonest. Although efforts to avoid appearing dishonest can often reduce lying, we argue that, at times, the desire to appear honest can...
People try to avoid appearing dishonest. Although efforts to avoid appearing dishonest can often reduce lying, we argue that, at times, the desire to appear honest can actually lead people to lie. We hypothesize that people may lie to appear honest in cases where the truth is highly favorable to them, such that telling the truth might make them appear dishonest to others. A series of studies provided robust evidence for our hypothesis. Lawyers, university students, and MTurk and Prolific participants said that they would have underreported extremely favorable outcomes in real-world scenarios (Studies 1a-1d). They did so to avoid appearing dishonest. Furthermore, in a novel behavioral paradigm involving a chance game with monetary prizes, participants who received in private a very large number of wins reported fewer wins than they received; they lied and incurred a monetary cost to avoid looking like liars (Studies 2a-2c). Finally, we show that people's concern that others would think that they have overreported is valid (Studies 3a-3b). We discuss our findings in relation to the literatures on dishonesty and on reputation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adult; Aged; Deception; Decision Making; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Social Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 31999151
DOI: 10.1037/xge0000737 -
BMC Sports Science, Medicine &... Mar 2022To examine the relationships between past competition performances and 2020 CrossFit® Open (CFO) performance.
PURPOSE
To examine the relationships between past competition performances and 2020 CrossFit® Open (CFO) performance.
METHODS
A random selection from the top one thousand athletes (n = 220, 28.5 ± 4.4 years, 178 ± 7 cm, 87.5 ± 10.2 kg) were selected for this study. Overall and weekly performances (including ranks and scores) of the 2020 CFO, as well as overall ranks from all previous CFO, regional, and Games™ competitions in which they competed, were recorded from their publicly available online profile. The highest, lowest, average, and standard deviation (SD) of past rankings, as well as participation statistics (i.e., years since first appearance, total and consecutive appearances, and participation rate), were calculated for each competition stage. Relationships were then assessed between 2020 CFO performance and all past competition experience variables by calculating Kendall's tau (τ) correlation coefficients and Bayes factors (BF).
RESULTS
Overall and weekly ranking of the 2020 CFO was extremely favored (p < 0.001, BF > 100) to be related to the athlete's highest previous CFO rank (τ = 0.26-0.39) and individual regional appearances (τ = - 0.26 to - 0.34), as well as individual Games™ appearances (overall and for weeks 1, 3, and 4; τ = - 0.20 to - 0.22, p < 0.001, BF > 100). Evidence for all other significant relationships ranged from moderate to very strong (p < 0.05, BF = 3-100) and varied among specific 2020 CFO workouts. Few associations were noted for team competition experience, and these were generally limited to Games™ appearances (τ = - 0.12 to - 0.18, p < 0.05, BF = 3.3-100).
CONCLUSIONS
Although specific relationships were found between 2020 CFO performance and individual appearances at regional and Games™ competitions, the most consistent relationships were seen with participation and ranking in past CFO competitions.
PubMed: 35331301
DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00434-0