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Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Dec 2019Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine), which is generally considered as pleiotropic and multitasking molecule, secretes from pineal gland at night under normal light... (Review)
Review
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine), which is generally considered as pleiotropic and multitasking molecule, secretes from pineal gland at night under normal light or dark conditions. Apart from circadian regulations, Melatonin also has antioxidant, anti-ageing, immunomodulation and anticancer properties. From the epidemiological research, it was postulated that Melatonin has significant apoptotic, angiogenic, oncostatic and anti-proliferative effects on various oncological cells. In this review, the underlying anticancer mechanisms of Melatonin such as stimulation of apoptosis, Melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) stimulation, paro-survival signal regulation, the hindering of angiogenesis, epigenetic alteration and metastasis have been discussed with recent findings. The Melatonin utilization as an adjuvant with chemotherapeutic drugs for the reinforcement of therapeutic effects was also discussed. This review precisely emphasizes the anticancer effect of Melatonin on various cancer cells. This review exemplifies the epidemiology and anticancer efficiency of Melatonin with prior attention to the mechanisms of actions.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Melatonin
PubMed: 31451998
DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03617-5 -
Bioscience Reports Nov 2019Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), also known as gamma (γ) enolase or enolase-2 (Eno2), is a form of glycolytic enolase isozyme and is considered a multifunctional protein.... (Review)
Review
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), also known as gamma (γ) enolase or enolase-2 (Eno2), is a form of glycolytic enolase isozyme and is considered a multifunctional protein. NSE is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuroendocrine cells, especially in those of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) lineage such as pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, intestine and lung. In addition to its well-established glycolysis function in the cytoplasm, changes in cell localization and differential expression of NSE are also associated with several pathologies such as infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer. This article mainly discusses the role and diagnostic potential of NSE in some lung diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cytoplasm; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Neurons; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
PubMed: 31642468
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20192732 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2015Chromogranin A (CGA) is a member of the granin family of proteins which are widespread in endocrine, neuroendocrine, peripheral, and central nervous tissues, where they... (Review)
Review
Chromogranin A (CGA) is a member of the granin family of proteins which are widespread in endocrine, neuroendocrine, peripheral, and central nervous tissues, where they are typically found in secretory granules. It is well accepted that CGA cooperates to regulate synthesis and secretion of these various granule signaling molecules.Because of its ubiquitous distribution within neuroendocrine tissues, CGA can be a useful diagnostic marker for neuroendocrine neoplasms, including carcinoids, pheochromocytomas, neuroblastomas, medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC), some pituitary tumors, functioning and nonfunctioning islet cell tumors and other amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) tumors. It is also useful as a prognostic marker for detection of recurrence and monitoring of response to different treatments. As other tumor markers, it is imperative to know its physiology and pathophysiology, its sensitivity and specificity in different neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and carefully integrate these data with the clinical data of the single patient, to maximize its diagnostic/prognostic index.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Chromogranin A; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 26530374
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_19 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases Sep 2022The prevalence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) is increasing, and despite recent advances in their therapy, it remains inadequate in patients with... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) is increasing, and despite recent advances in their therapy, it remains inadequate in patients with advanced well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors present many challenges concerning the molecular basis and genomic profile, pathophysiology, clinicopathological features, histopathologic classification, diagnosis and treatment. There has been an ongoing debate on diagnostic criteria and clinical behavior, and various changes have been made over the last few years. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gastrointestinal system is a rare but highly malignant neoplasm that is genetically distinct from gastrointestinal system neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The diagnosis and management have changed over the past decade. Emerging novel biomarkers and metabolic players in cancer cells are useful and promising new diagnostic tools. Progress in positron emission tomography-computerized tomography and scintigraphy with new radioactive agents (Cu-DOTATATE or Ga-DOTATATE) replacing enough octreoscan, has improved further the current diagnostic imaging. Promising results provide targeted therapies with biological agents, new drugs, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, the role of surgery is important, since it is the cornerstone of management. Simultaneous resection of small bowel NETs with synchronous liver metastases is a surgical challenge. Endoscopy offers novel options not only for diagnosis but also for interventional management. The therapeutic option should be individualized based on current multidisciplinary information.
PubMed: 36186187
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i27.9573 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Jan 2018Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) is a rare disease of nose and paranasal sinuses. In contrast to other regions SCNEC of this region has been reported to be... (Review)
Review
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) is a rare disease of nose and paranasal sinuses. In contrast to other regions SCNEC of this region has been reported to be recurrent and locally aggressive. No definite treatment has been established till date because of rarity of this disease. The purpose of this descriptive study is to present the series of 8 cases with SNEC of nose and paranasal sinuses. Retrospective review of 8 patients presenting with Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nose and paranasal sinuses, from January, 2005 to December, 2014 treated at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore was performed to determine the clinical characteristics and outcome of this disease. The subjects were 7 males and 1 female with a mean age of 45±15 years (range 24 to 59 years). Tumours were present in nasal cavity (n=4), ethmoid sinus (n=3) and maxillary sinus (n=1). Almost 50% of patients presented with AJCC stage IV-A. All patients had immunohistochemistry proven diagnosis. All patients (08) received radiotherapy with mean doses 58±Gy (Range 54-66Gy). Surgery was performed in 2 while chemotherapy was administered in 4 patients. Recurrence occurred in 3 patients, one each with loco-regional, distant and both. At a median follow up of 38 months, 5 patients were alive with no evidence of disease. SCNEC is a rare but aggressive neoplasm. Current standard of care varies but multi-modality approach should be the cornerstone in management of SCNEC. Early diagnosis and intervention improve the final outcome.
Topics: Adult; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Nose Neoplasms; Pakistan; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 29371736
DOI: No ID Found -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2022The study consisted of the immunohistochemical analysis of fundic and pyloric mucosa in the equine stomach between the 4th and 11th month of gestation. The accessible...
The study consisted of the immunohistochemical analysis of fundic and pyloric mucosa in the equine stomach between the 4th and 11th month of gestation. The accessible material was classified into three age groups using the CRL method. The adult reference group was used to define potential differences between foetal and adult populations of gastric APUD cells. The samples were preserved, prepared, and stained according to the standard protocols. The immunohistochemical reaction was assessed using the semi-quantitative IRS method. The results were documented and statistically analysed. The most significant increase was seen in gastrin (G) cell activity. The activity of other endocrine cells (cholecystokinin (I) cells, somatostatin (D) cells, and somatotropin receptor (SR) cells) was less dynamic. This study proved that the development of APUD cells within the stomach mucosa undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes during stomach development. Our results correspond with the findings described in the accessible literature and prove a strong correlation between morphological changes in the stomach wall and the organ development, growth, and maturation.
PubMed: 36611768
DOI: 10.3390/ani13010161 -
Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2016Neuroendocrine tumors (neuroendocrine tumors-NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with a common embryological origin and diverse biological behavior, derived from... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine tumors (neuroendocrine tumors-NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with a common embryological origin and diverse biological behavior, derived from cells of the neuroendocrine system, the system APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation). They are characterized by overexpression of all five somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-SSTR5), particularly type 2 (SST2). Surgical resection of the tumor is the treatment option, with a possibility of complete remission in patients with limited disease. Somatostatin analogs (octreotide and lanreotide) are the treatment of choice in patients with residual disease, particularly when it comes to NET non-pancreatic origin. Systemic chemotherapy is administered primarily to patients with poorly differentiated carcinomas. PRRT treatment is recommended in case of non-responsiveness of the disease. The ideal candidates for PRRT are patients with unresectable disease of high and intermediate differentiation. Somatostatine analogs radiolabelled with Indium-111 ((111)In), Yttrium-90 ((90)Y), Lutetium-177 ((177)Lu) and Bismuth-213 ((213)Bi), are selectively concentrated in the tumor cells, causing maximum tissue damage to tumors and with fewer effects on healthy tissue and the immune system. In the current review, it was demonstrated that patients with unresectable grade 1 or 2 disease showed increased PFS (progression free survival) and OS (overall survival), while quality of life was improved after PRRT treatment as compared to somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy and other targeted therapies.
Topics: Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Peptides, Cyclic; Prevalence; Radioisotopes; Radiopharmaceuticals; Receptors, Somatostatin; Risk Factors; Somatostatin; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27035909
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Surgery... Sep 2016Carcinoids are tumors that originate from diffuse neuroendocrine system cells (APUD cells) and represent 1-2% of all pulmonary tumors. Although surgical resection...
Carcinoids are tumors that originate from diffuse neuroendocrine system cells (APUD cells) and represent 1-2% of all pulmonary tumors. Although surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, bronchoscopic radical resection of typical carcinoids in selected cases exhibiting endoluminal growth and small implant base has also been explored. Bronchoscopic removal of endobronchial lesions may also reduce the risk of post-obstructive infections and improve pulmonary function, allowing the patient to undergo surgery in better clinical and respiratory state. In this paper we have evaluated the impact on surgical planning and outcome of preoperative bronchoscopic resection in treatment of endobronchial typical carcinoids. Our observations further support the role of bronchoscopic treatment before surgery in endobronchial typical carcinoids.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchoscopy; Carcinoid Tumor; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonectomy; Preoperative Care; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 27255131
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.05.054 -
Nature Communications Jan 2020Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a powerful model of neural differentiation and maturation. We present a hiPSC transcriptomics resource on...
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a powerful model of neural differentiation and maturation. We present a hiPSC transcriptomics resource on corticogenesis from 5 iPSC donor and 13 subclonal lines across 9 time points over 5 broad conditions: self-renewal, early neuronal differentiation, neural precursor cells (NPCs), assembled rosettes, and differentiated neuronal cells. We identify widespread changes in the expression of both individual features and global patterns of transcription. We next demonstrate that co-culturing human NPCs with rodent astrocytes results in mutually synergistic maturation, and that cell type-specific expression data can be extracted using only sequencing read alignments without cell sorting. We lastly adapt a previously generated RNA deconvolution approach to single-cell expression data to estimate the relative neuronal maturity of iPSC-derived neuronal cultures and human brain tissue. Using many public datasets, we demonstrate neuronal cultures are maturationally heterogeneous but contain subsets of neurons more mature than previously observed.
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Astrocytes; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Coculture Techniques; Databases, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Models, Neurological; Neural Stem Cells; Neurons; Rats; Transcriptome
PubMed: 31974374
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14266-z -
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and... Mar 2022The histamine content in bioamine-containing cells and the content of NSE cells of the lymph nodes were studied in rats in 40 min and in 2 and 4 h after bone marrow...
The histamine content in bioamine-containing cells and the content of NSE cells of the lymph nodes were studied in rats in 40 min and in 2 and 4 h after bone marrow allotransplantation by using the cross luminescence-histochemical method and immunohistochemical method, respectively. Within 2 h after allotransplantation of the bone marrow, a significant increase in histamine content in bioamine-containing cells and an increase in the number of NSE cells in the period were observed. Both APUD and NSE+ cells were found to be heterogeneous by staining and luminescence.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Histamine; Lymph Nodes; Neurons; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Rats
PubMed: 35352258
DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05448-9