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Bioscience Reports Nov 2019Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), also known as gamma (γ) enolase or enolase-2 (Eno2), is a form of glycolytic enolase isozyme and is considered a multifunctional protein.... (Review)
Review
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), also known as gamma (γ) enolase or enolase-2 (Eno2), is a form of glycolytic enolase isozyme and is considered a multifunctional protein. NSE is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuroendocrine cells, especially in those of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) lineage such as pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, intestine and lung. In addition to its well-established glycolysis function in the cytoplasm, changes in cell localization and differential expression of NSE are also associated with several pathologies such as infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer. This article mainly discusses the role and diagnostic potential of NSE in some lung diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cytoplasm; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Neurons; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
PubMed: 31642468
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20192732 -
Anaesthesia Oct 1977A variety of cells found in the pituitary and pineal glands, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands, the gut, pancreas, thyroid (C-cells), chemoreceptors (type... (Review)
Review
A variety of cells found in the pituitary and pineal glands, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands, the gut, pancreas, thyroid (C-cells), chemoreceptors (type I-Cells), lungs (P-cells), skin (melanocytes) and the urogenital tract have a common origin from the neural crest. These cells are programmed for neuro-endocrine function and, as a group, can be regarded as one of the physiological control systems. They secrete a variety of amine and peptide hormones and have common cytochemical characteristics from which the term APUD cell is derived. Tumours of these cells are referred to as 'apudomas' and may synthesise not only their own hormones but also those which are normally produced by other APUD cells. The relevant physiological properties of some of the peptides which have been described relatively recently are discussed and the principal clinical syndromes produced by the APUDomas are described.
Topics: APUD Cells; Adenoma, Islet Cell; Apudoma; Cushing Syndrome; Endocrine System Diseases; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Hormones; Humans; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes; Pheochromocytoma; Pituitary Neoplasms; Thyroid Neoplasms; Vasopressins; Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
PubMed: 23705
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1977.tb10110.x -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jul 1977The Merkel cell, a neural crest migrant to the skin, possesses a characteristic intranuclear rodlet, cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules, and horn projections and is... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The Merkel cell, a neural crest migrant to the skin, possesses a characteristic intranuclear rodlet, cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules, and horn projections and is usually associated with nerve terminations. It is also associated with all types of known organizations of sensory nerve endings in the skin and possesses characteristic enzyme reactions in relation to the ending. The Merkel cell is found in the skin and the oral mucous membranes, and similar cells are observed in the taste buds and pulmonary tissue. A comparison between the Merkel cell and the APUD cell system of polypeptide hormone and amine-producing cells reveals many structural and chemical similarities.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Humans; Nerve Endings; Neurosecretory Systems; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Staining and Labeling; Touch
PubMed: 68982
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12497864 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases Sep 2022The prevalence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) is increasing, and despite recent advances in their therapy, it remains inadequate in patients with... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) is increasing, and despite recent advances in their therapy, it remains inadequate in patients with advanced well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors present many challenges concerning the molecular basis and genomic profile, pathophysiology, clinicopathological features, histopathologic classification, diagnosis and treatment. There has been an ongoing debate on diagnostic criteria and clinical behavior, and various changes have been made over the last few years. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gastrointestinal system is a rare but highly malignant neoplasm that is genetically distinct from gastrointestinal system neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The diagnosis and management have changed over the past decade. Emerging novel biomarkers and metabolic players in cancer cells are useful and promising new diagnostic tools. Progress in positron emission tomography-computerized tomography and scintigraphy with new radioactive agents (Cu-DOTATATE or Ga-DOTATATE) replacing enough octreoscan, has improved further the current diagnostic imaging. Promising results provide targeted therapies with biological agents, new drugs, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, the role of surgery is important, since it is the cornerstone of management. Simultaneous resection of small bowel NETs with synchronous liver metastases is a surgical challenge. Endoscopy offers novel options not only for diagnosis but also for interventional management. The therapeutic option should be individualized based on current multidisciplinary information.
PubMed: 36186187
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i27.9573 -
The American Journal of Pathology Aug 1981The origin of the endocrine cells in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract is still a matter of debate. In the original concept of the amine precursor... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The origin of the endocrine cells in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract is still a matter of debate. In the original concept of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system, all APUD cells were considered to be derived from the neural crest. More recently it has been proposed that the APUD cell types of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts originate from neuroendocrine-programmed ectoblast. Still other investigators have reported observations that favor a direct endodermal origin of these cell types. Based on the assumption that in teratomas different tissue types which in normal embryogenesis are derived from the neuroectoderm might be expected to occur together, we investigated a series of cystic ovarian teratomas and testicular teratocarcinomas for the presence of brain tissue and of different types of APUD cells. In the ovarian teratomas, intestinal and respiratory APUD cell types were found almost exclusively without coexistence of brain tissue, whereas melanocytes, which are of neuroectodermal origin, occurred mostly together with brain tissue. In the testicular teratocarcinomas, intestinal types of APUD cells occurred without brain tissue. Peptide hormone production was found in appropriate tissues. It can therefore be concluded that in teratomas appropriate intestinal and respiratory APUD cells differentiate in and presumably descend directly from intestinal and respiratory epithelium.
Topics: APUD Cells; Cell Differentiation; Female; Humans; Male; Melanocytes; Ovarian Neoplasms; Teratoma; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 6114639
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Pathology Mar 1992Endocrine-paracrine (APUD, neuroendocrine) cells are located in the prostatic ductal and acinar epithelium. These cells are of the open and closed type and have... (Review)
Review
Endocrine-paracrine (APUD, neuroendocrine) cells are located in the prostatic ductal and acinar epithelium. These cells are of the open and closed type and have dendritic processes. There is a wide range of secretory granule morphology presumably indicating a variety of different cell "types." Secretory immunoreactive peptides include serotonin, calcitonin (and related peptides), somatostatin, bombesin-like, thyroid-stimulating hormone-like (beta chain), and alpha-glycoprotein chain-like. These cells may function by endocrine, paracrine, neurocrine, and lumencrine mechanisms and play an important regulatory role both during growth and differentiation of the prostate as well as in the secretory process of the mature gland. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma is a frequent occurrence and manifests itself in several forms, including (1) small cell carcinoma, (2) carcinoid and carcinoid-like tumors, and (3) conventional adenocarcinoma with focal neuroendocrine differentiation. This latter pattern is the most common, and there is evidence that all or nearly all prostatic adenocarcinomas show at least some focal neuroendocrine differentiation. A review of the world's literature on this topic is included. Neuroendocrine differentiation generally portends a poorer prognosis but may also correlate directly with the grade. There is some evidence to suggest that neoplastic cells with neuroendocrine differentiation are resistant to hormonal therapy. Eutopic and ectopic hormone production may allow screening for prostatic carcinoma and/or monitoring for recurrence of prostatic carcinomas. Finally, the more basic implications of endocrine-paracrine cells and neuroendocrine differentiation are speculated on in reference to prostatic carcinogenesis and autocrine/paracrine tumor growth factor activity.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue; Neurosecretory Systems; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 1313390
DOI: 10.1016/0046-8177(92)90110-o -
The American Journal of Pathology Oct 1977N-nitrosomorpholine (NM)-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis was examined by light and electron microscopy in a 20-week serial sacrifice study using Syrian golden hamsters.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
N-nitrosomorpholine (NM)-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis was examined by light and electron microscopy in a 20-week serial sacrifice study using Syrian golden hamsters. First to be observed were a proliferation of endocrine APUD cells and a formation of lamellated inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of Clara cells. After continued NM treatment, APUD cells underwent squamous metaplasia and Clara cells invaded the pulmonary tissues adjacent to the bronchi. Lung tumors consisted of cells possessing numerous lamellated inclusion bodies in their cytoplasm and a few squamous metaplastic and APUD cells. The observed pathologic alterations closely resembled those found after treatment with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and N-dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) but were completely different from the cellular reactions induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is concluded that the observed alterations of APUD cells and Clara cells are specific to nitrosamines.
Topics: APUD Cells; Animals; Bronchi; Cricetinae; Diethylnitrosamine; Epithelium; Inclusion Bodies; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mesocricetus; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrosamines
PubMed: 20781
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Health Perspectives Apr 1984The presence of neuroendocrinelike epithelial cells in the lung of numerous species has been demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Histochemical methods used to... (Review)
Review
The presence of neuroendocrinelike epithelial cells in the lung of numerous species has been demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Histochemical methods used to identify these cells have included staining with silver, amine-type fluorescence (APUD cell), periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-lead hematoxylin, and immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase. Cytoplasmic dense core vesicles (70-200 nm in diameter) have served as the major ultrastructural characteristic. Lung neuroendocrinelike cells have been shown to occur in fetal and adult mammals as solitary-type cells or as distinct organoids known as neuroepithelial bodies ( NEBs ). Although the frequency of both populations is considered low, solitary-type cells with dense-core granules can be found in as high as 5% of epithelial cells in the cricoid region of the guinea-pig larynx. The solitary cells can be found throughout the airways of mammals, whereas the NEBs are confined to the intrapulmonary airways. Unmyelinated fibers have been traced from the lamina propria and into the NEB, where they ramified between the component cells of the NEB. The function of lung neuroendocrinelike cells is not known, but morphological and cytochemical studies suggest that the NEBs are intrapulmonary chemoreceptors that can respond to changes in airway gas composition. Hypoxia or hypercapnia has been shown to decrease the amine cytofluorescence in these organoids and apparently to increase the exocytosis of dense core vesicles from the basal region of the cell. Immunohistochemical studies have suggested that some lung epithelial cells may contain a known neuropeptide(s), but further investigation is needed to confirm the presence of such compounds in lung neuroendocrinelike cells and their physiochemical properties. Apparent hyperplasia of lung neuroendocrinelike cells can occur readily in hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine. It has been postulated that human lung tumors with endocrinelike properties, namely, bronchial carcinoids and lung small cell carcinomas, may originate from lung neuroendocrinelike cells. However, a more plausible explanation, based on cytokinetic studies of epithelial neuroendocrinelike cells in the lung and other organs, is that these cells originate from a nonneuroendocrine population. Interaction of such a progenitor cell population with selected carcinogens may lead to stimulation of the rate of normal differentiation or, alternately, to selection of an abnormal route of differentiation that possesses a neuroendocrine phenotype.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Killer Cells, Natural; Lung; Neurosecretory Systems; Peptides; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 6376101
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8455271 -
Thorax Nov 1973729-741. It is clear that the bronchial tree has functions beyond the mere conduction of air into the alveolar spaces. In addition to the familiar ciliated respiratory...
729-741. It is clear that the bronchial tree has functions beyond the mere conduction of air into the alveolar spaces. In addition to the familiar ciliated respiratory epithelial cells the bronchus is lined by non-ciliated Clara and Feyrter cells. In the present study we investigated the histological and ultrastructural features of the bronchial argyrophilic (Feyrter) cell of the neonatal rat. On electron microscopy this cell has all the features of an APUD cell which is associated with the secretion of polypeptide hormones. It bears a close ultrastructural resemblance to the chief cell of the carotid body and shows the same changes in its membrane-bound bodies on exposure to chronic hypoxia. These are strong grounds for believing that the bronchi and bronchioles have either a chemoreceptor or an endocrine function in the neonatal period.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bronchi; Carotid Body; Chemoreceptor Cells; Epithelial Cells; Hypoxia; Microscopy, Electron; Rats
PubMed: 4787985
DOI: 10.1136/thx.28.6.729 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2022The study consisted of the immunohistochemical analysis of fundic and pyloric mucosa in the equine stomach between the 4th and 11th month of gestation. The accessible...
The study consisted of the immunohistochemical analysis of fundic and pyloric mucosa in the equine stomach between the 4th and 11th month of gestation. The accessible material was classified into three age groups using the CRL method. The adult reference group was used to define potential differences between foetal and adult populations of gastric APUD cells. The samples were preserved, prepared, and stained according to the standard protocols. The immunohistochemical reaction was assessed using the semi-quantitative IRS method. The results were documented and statistically analysed. The most significant increase was seen in gastrin (G) cell activity. The activity of other endocrine cells (cholecystokinin (I) cells, somatostatin (D) cells, and somatotropin receptor (SR) cells) was less dynamic. This study proved that the development of APUD cells within the stomach mucosa undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes during stomach development. Our results correspond with the findings described in the accessible literature and prove a strong correlation between morphological changes in the stomach wall and the organ development, growth, and maturation.
PubMed: 36611768
DOI: 10.3390/ani13010161