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Pediatrics in Review Apr 2017Lower blood glucose values are common in the healthy neonate immediately after birth as compared to older infants, children, and adults. These transiently lower glucose... (Review)
Review
Lower blood glucose values are common in the healthy neonate immediately after birth as compared to older infants, children, and adults. These transiently lower glucose values improve and reach normal ranges within hours after birth. Such transitional hypoglycemia is common in the healthy newborn. A minority of neonates experience a more prolonged and severe hypoglycemia, usually associated with specific risk factors and possibly a congenital hypoglycemia syndrome. Despite the lack of a specific blood glucose value that defines hypoglycemia, concern for substantial neurologic morbidity in the neonatal population has led to the generation of guidelines by both the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Pediatric Endocrine Society (PES). Similarities between the 2 guidelines include recognition that the transitional form of neonatal hypoglycemia likely resolves within 48 hours after birth and that hypoglycemia that persists beyond that duration may be pathologic. One major difference between the 2 sets of guidelines is the goal blood glucose value in the neonate. This article reviews transitional and pathologic hypoglycemia in the neonate and presents a framework for understanding the nuances of the AAP and PES guidelines for neonatal hypoglycemia.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28364046
DOI: 10.1542/pir.2016-0063 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Aug 2019Vinegar intake is considered a food item that improves blood glucose in humans. This review aimed to discuss studies that investigated the impact of vinegar intake on... (Review)
Review
Vinegar intake is considered a food item that improves blood glucose in humans. This review aimed to discuss studies that investigated the impact of vinegar intake on the glycemic profile in humans and the putative mechanistic cellular pathways in both human and animal models. A search of literature was performed on the Cochrane, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for articles published between 1995 and 2018. There is considerable support for vinegar having a positive acute effect on blood glucose levels when combined with carbohydrate-rich meals. Conversely, there are few chronic interventions analyzing the impact of vinegar intake on blood glucose. Based on available evidence, we hypothesize three pathways by which vinegar may improve blood glucose: The inhibition of α-amylase action; increased glucose uptake; and mediation by transcription factors. When evaluating the current body of literature, daily vinegar intake in amounts of ∼10-30 mL (∼2-6 tablespoons) appear to improve the glycemic response to carbohydrate-rich meals; however, there is a paucity of studies investigating chronic effects of vinegar intake.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 31221273
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.05.008 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy occupies a specific spot across the field of bioscience and related disciplines. Its characteristics and application potential differs... (Review)
Review
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy occupies a specific spot across the field of bioscience and related disciplines. Its characteristics and application potential differs from infrared (IR) or Raman spectroscopy. This vibrational spectroscopy technique elucidates molecular information from the examined sample by measuring absorption bands resulting from overtones and combination excitations. Recent decades brought significant progress in the instrumentation (e.g., miniaturized spectrometers) and spectral analysis methods (e.g., spectral image processing and analysis, quantum chemical calculation of NIR spectra), which made notable impact on its applicability. This review aims to present NIR spectroscopy as a matured technique, yet with great potential for further advances in several directions throughout broadly understood bio-applications. Its practical value is critically assessed and compared with competing techniques. Attention is given to link the bio-application potential of NIR spectroscopy with its fundamental characteristics and principal features of NIR spectra.
Topics: Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Glucose; Humans; Oxygen; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 32604876
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122948 -
Vitamins and Hormones 2021The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as... (Review)
Review
The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes and vitamins are maintained within threshold values. The immune system resolves local disruptions in tissue homeostasis, caused by pathogens or malfunctioning cells. The immediate goals of these two systems do not always align. The immune system benefits from optimal access to nutrients for itself and restriction of nutrient availability to all other organs to limit pathogen replication. The endocrine system aims to ensure optimal nutrient access for all organs, limited only by the nutrients stores that the body has available. The actual state of homeostatic parameters such as blood glucose levels represents a careful balance based on regulatory signals from the immune and endocrine systems. This state is not static but continuously adjusted in response to changes in the current metabolic needs of the body, the amount of resources it has available and the level of threats it encounters. This balance is maintained by the ability of the immune and endocrine systems to interact and co-regulate systemic metabolism. In context of metabolic disease, this system is disrupted, which impairs functionality of both systems. The failure of the endocrine system to retain levels of nutrients such as glucose within threshold values impairs functionality of the immune system. In addition, metabolic stress of organs in context of obesity is perceived by the immune system as a disruption in local homeostasis, which it tries to resolve by the excretion of factors which further disrupt normal metabolic control. In this chapter, we will discuss how the immune and endocrine systems interact under homeostatic conditions and during infection with a focus on blood glucose regulation. In addition, we will discuss how this system fails in the context of metabolic disease.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Endocrine System; Humans; Infections
PubMed: 34420584
DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.009 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Apr 2015In Spain, nearly 14% of the population is diabetic, 95% corresponds to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Poor glycemic control increases morbidity and mortality. There... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
In Spain, nearly 14% of the population is diabetic, 95% corresponds to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Poor glycemic control increases morbidity and mortality. There are three pillars in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: diet, medication and exercise. However, the potential for prescribing exercise training has not been fully exploited.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the effect of different exercise modalities (AE, RT, Combo, HIIT) on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHODS
The reserch was performed in 3 electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Proquest), including publications from 2011 to the present, publications undertaking interventions with AE, RT, Combo or HIIT, and those that measured capillary glucose, CGMS or HbA1c.
RESULTS
Of the 386 articles found, 14 met the inclusion criteria. These items were classified according to exercise intervention modality (AE, RT, Combo, HIIT) and whether glycemic control was measured as a result of continued training or 24-48h post-workout.
CONCLUSIONS
EA, RT, Combo and HIIT show efficacy in glycemic control in both the continuous training and 24-48h post-training. To achieve certain benefits in glycemic control, prescribing a structured frequency, volume and intensity training is required. Combo is the modality that gets better results through continued training.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans
PubMed: 25795929
DOI: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.4.7907 -
International Heart Journal 2020
Topics: Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans
PubMed: 32727998
DOI: 10.1536/ihj.20-417 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Apr 2024Glucokathexis is a clinical state characterized by low plasma glucose levels, in the presence of adequate glucose precursor stores. We conceive and construct this rubric...
Glucokathexis is a clinical state characterized by low plasma glucose levels, in the presence of adequate glucose precursor stores. We conceive and construct this rubric to initiate interest and inspire insight into this field of metabolic medicine. We list various conditions that can cause true as well as pseudo-glucokathexis.
Topics: Humans; Blood Glucose
PubMed: 38751289
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.24-28 -
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2019Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and leading cause of death worldwide, affecting more than 420 million people. High blood glucose levels are a common effect of... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and leading cause of death worldwide, affecting more than 420 million people. High blood glucose levels are a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, which can cause serious health damage. Diabetic individuals must measure their blood glucose levels regularly in order to control glycemic levels and minimize the effects of the disease. Glucose sensors have been used in the management of diabetes for more than 50 years, when Clark and Ann Lyons developed the first glucose enzyme electrode in 1962. Electrochemical sensors have become the leading technology for glucose concentration measuring with most of the commercially available devices being based on amperometric detection. However, the detection of glucose in the blood is still an object of intense research. The development of new fluorescent nanomaterials begins to constitute an alternative for glucose blood quantification. These sensors include carbon dots, quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, gold, silver and upconversion nanoparticles. This paper reviews the last 10 year fluorescent nanoparticles based technologies proposed for glucose monitoring and provide an insight into emerging optical fluorescence glucose biosensors.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Carbon; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Quantum Dots; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 30739473
DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1565984 -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Jul 2016The chaotic nature of blood glucose creates a formidable clinical challenge for diabetes healthcare. The recent discovery of recurrent endocrine cycles offers the...
BACKGROUND
The chaotic nature of blood glucose creates a formidable clinical challenge for diabetes healthcare. The recent discovery of recurrent endocrine cycles offers the advantage of advanced-prediction (proactive) health care.
METHODS
Historical studies covering 111 patients and 1 subject collected several months of glucose readings and their daily metrics. Phase portraits and phase analytics can detect recurrent metric cycles and test their ability to anticipate serious glycemic conditions.
RESULTS
Recurrent patterns were detected having a rate of ~7 days per complete cycle. Plots and risk models based on these cycles produced advanced alerts for acute glycemia, capturing greater than 96% of true-positive days with a 5% false-positive rate.
CONCLUSIONS
This method can be implemented graphically and functionally within a BG monitoring system to warn doctors and patients of impending serious glycemic levels.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Logistic Models
PubMed: 26961975
DOI: 10.1177/1932296816637622 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Sep 2022The possibility to estimate glucose value from voice would make a breakthrough in diabetes treatment: namely, remove the delay in the nonintrusive instantaneous blood... (Review)
Review
The possibility to estimate glucose value from voice would make a breakthrough in diabetes treatment: namely, remove the delay in the nonintrusive instantaneous blood glucose estimation, relieve medical budgets and significantly improve wellbeing of diabetics. In this review, different approaches have been described and systematized, in order to provide an objective snapshot of the state of the art. Since nonintrusive glucose estimation is notoriously difficult, we included a Transparence and Reproducibility Score aimed at revealing the biases in the primary research articles. The review is completed with the discussion on future research pathways.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Voice
PubMed: 33041176
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.08.034