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Vitamins and Hormones 2021The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as... (Review)
Review
The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes and vitamins are maintained within threshold values. The immune system resolves local disruptions in tissue homeostasis, caused by pathogens or malfunctioning cells. The immediate goals of these two systems do not always align. The immune system benefits from optimal access to nutrients for itself and restriction of nutrient availability to all other organs to limit pathogen replication. The endocrine system aims to ensure optimal nutrient access for all organs, limited only by the nutrients stores that the body has available. The actual state of homeostatic parameters such as blood glucose levels represents a careful balance based on regulatory signals from the immune and endocrine systems. This state is not static but continuously adjusted in response to changes in the current metabolic needs of the body, the amount of resources it has available and the level of threats it encounters. This balance is maintained by the ability of the immune and endocrine systems to interact and co-regulate systemic metabolism. In context of metabolic disease, this system is disrupted, which impairs functionality of both systems. The failure of the endocrine system to retain levels of nutrients such as glucose within threshold values impairs functionality of the immune system. In addition, metabolic stress of organs in context of obesity is perceived by the immune system as a disruption in local homeostasis, which it tries to resolve by the excretion of factors which further disrupt normal metabolic control. In this chapter, we will discuss how the immune and endocrine systems interact under homeostatic conditions and during infection with a focus on blood glucose regulation. In addition, we will discuss how this system fails in the context of metabolic disease.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Endocrine System; Humans; Infections
PubMed: 34420584
DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.009 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Aug 2019Vinegar intake is considered a food item that improves blood glucose in humans. This review aimed to discuss studies that investigated the impact of vinegar intake on... (Review)
Review
Vinegar intake is considered a food item that improves blood glucose in humans. This review aimed to discuss studies that investigated the impact of vinegar intake on the glycemic profile in humans and the putative mechanistic cellular pathways in both human and animal models. A search of literature was performed on the Cochrane, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for articles published between 1995 and 2018. There is considerable support for vinegar having a positive acute effect on blood glucose levels when combined with carbohydrate-rich meals. Conversely, there are few chronic interventions analyzing the impact of vinegar intake on blood glucose. Based on available evidence, we hypothesize three pathways by which vinegar may improve blood glucose: The inhibition of α-amylase action; increased glucose uptake; and mediation by transcription factors. When evaluating the current body of literature, daily vinegar intake in amounts of ∼10-30 mL (∼2-6 tablespoons) appear to improve the glycemic response to carbohydrate-rich meals; however, there is a paucity of studies investigating chronic effects of vinegar intake.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 31221273
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.05.008 -
Oncotarget Jul 2017The question of whether elevated blood glucose is a risk factor for liver cancer has been intensively studied, yet with inconsistent results. To explore the relationship... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The question of whether elevated blood glucose is a risk factor for liver cancer has been intensively studied, yet with inconsistent results. To explore the relationship between blood glucose concentration and risk of liver cancer, we conduct a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Literature search was comprehensively performed using database of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library through October 2016. Random-effect models were used to combine the effect estimations. Eight articles containing ten studies with a total of 1975 liver cancer cases were included. The pooled RRs demonstrated that elevated fasting blood glucose was associated with increased risk of liver cancer (combined RRs: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.46, 2.13) with mild heterogeneity (I2 = 30.40%, P = 0.17). In sensitivity analysis, the pooled result remained significant (combined RRs: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.59; I2 = 33.90%, P = 0.16) when we restricted blood glucose categories in the range of nondiabetic subjects. We also detected a J-shaped non-linear dose-response relationship between blood glucose concentration and risk of liver cancer. There is evidence that elevated blood glucose increases risk of liver cancer across the range of prediabetes and diabetes. Considering the rapidly increasing prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes, controlling blood glucose may lower the risk of liver cancer.
Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28432278
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16816 -
Nursing Standard (Royal College of...Measuring blood glucose in patients with diabetes by taking a sample of capillary blood is a safe method. It is also good for detecting hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia,...
Measuring blood glucose in patients with diabetes by taking a sample of capillary blood is a safe method. It is also good for detecting hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia, and managing complications of diabetes.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Capillaries; Humans; United Kingdom
PubMed: 24568440
DOI: 10.7748/ns2014.02.28.26.66.s63 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jan 2020Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, disturbs blood glucose hemostasis in experimental models and causes metabolic disorders. However, there are controversial... (Review)
Review Meta-Analysis
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, disturbs blood glucose hemostasis in experimental models and causes metabolic disorders. However, there are controversial findings of its impact on the BS level. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate blood gluocse levels in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Present systematic review and meta-analysis study was done by searching in the online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Data were analyzed by performing "random effects meta-regression." Findings were expressed as standardized mean value and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I-square and Q test. Meta-analysis of 7 animal studies indicated the dose-dependence manner of chlorpyrifos exposure on the blood glucose levels. The subgroup analysis indicated that exposure to low doses of chlorpyrifos significantly increased the blood glucose levels in exposed animals versus the nonexposed (0.11; 95% CI: - 1.14, 1.36, z = 2.25, p = 0.03, I2 = 90.1%, p < 0.001) and high doses markedly decreased blood glucose levels in exposed rats versus the nonexposed (7.34; 95%CI: - 9.35, - 5.32, z = 6.41, p < 0.001, I2 = 96.9%, p < 0.001). The random effects and pooled analysis indicated that the blood glucose levels were 4.22-fold lower in exposed animals versus the nonexposed ones (95% CI: - 5.59,- 2.85; Z = 3.97; p < 0.001); therefore, heterogeneity was significant (I2 = 96.5%, p < 0.001). The present finding indicated the association between chlorpyrifos exposure and a decrease in blood glucose levels. However, more studies should be designed to clarify this effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on blood glucose levels and involved mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Chlorpyrifos; Insecticides; Rats
PubMed: 31848960
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07229-w -
Analytica Chimica Acta Apr 2022Noninvasive detection of blood glucose is an urgent problem to be solved in the prevention, treatment and management of diabetes. However, in the system of noninvasive...
Noninvasive detection of blood glucose is an urgent problem to be solved in the prevention, treatment and management of diabetes. However, in the system of noninvasive detection of blood glucose content by spectral method, due to individual differences, interference in the measurement system and the fact that the content of blood glucose is three orders of magnitude smaller than the most abundant component in blood, the spectral signal of blood glucose component is weak, and the problem has not been solved so far. Dynamic spectrum (DS) method can theoretically eliminate the influence of individual differences and changes in measurement conditions, and "M + N″ theory comprehensively considers the internal and external factors of spectral quantitative analysis of complex solution components, and provides some strategies to suppress the errors caused by multiple factors in spectral quantitative analysis of complex solutions. Therefore, this paper proposes a system for non-invasive quantitative analysis of human blood glucose based on DS and "M + N″ theory. In this paper, feasible methods are used in each step of the system to effectively reduce the influence of noise and interference factors, so that the model has good prediction performance. The correlation coefficient and root mean square error of calibration set were 0.9539 and 0.3965 (mmol/L), respectively. The correlation coefficient and root mean square error of prediction set were 0.9542 and 0.7305 (mmol/L), respectively. The system of noninvasive quantitative analysis of blood glucose proposed in this paper is effective and feasible, which not only makes great progress in noninvasive detection of human blood glucose, but also has application value for realizing noninvasive real-time detection of human blood components.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Calibration; Humans
PubMed: 35300796
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339635 -
Annales de Biologie Clinique Apr 2020Maintaining plasma glucose concentration is a critical requirement for the body, making the detection of blood glucose by the nervous system essential. The reason... (Review)
Review
Maintaining plasma glucose concentration is a critical requirement for the body, making the detection of blood glucose by the nervous system essential. The reason generally given is that glucose is the main source of energy for living cells. In fact, other reasons make that glucose is so crucial. Glucose feeds two non-oxidative metabolic pathways, glycolysis and the pentose pathway, which allow the synthesis of molecules essential for cell survival and division, such as amino acids or nucleotides. The purpose of this review is to argue this statement and discuss the processes of glucose sensing by the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Nervous System; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 32319941
DOI: 10.1684/abc.2020.1531 -
Nature Metabolism Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Blood Glucose; Fingers
PubMed: 38538979
DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01017-8 -
Clinical Chemistry May 2009
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 19282352
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.126037 -
Nursing Standard (Royal College of... Jan 2016
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Monitoring, Physiologic; United Kingdom
PubMed: 26967884
DOI: 10.7748/ns.30.22.36.s45