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Dermatology Online Journal Apr 2018It is relatively rare to find syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) outside the head and neck region and extremely rare in the anogenital area. Characteristic...
It is relatively rare to find syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) outside the head and neck region and extremely rare in the anogenital area. Characteristic histological features such as cystic invaginations, glandular epithelium showing decapitation secretion, and stroma with plasma cells are important for making the diagnosis. We present a rare case of SCAP on the mons pubis of a 13-year-old girl and compare cases of SCAP from other rare locations.
Topics: Adolescent; Biopsy; Female; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Tubular Sweat Gland Adenomas
PubMed: 29906013
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Biological Rhythms Jun 2023The ability of flatworms to regenerate entire brain structures, and indeed much of their body from mere fragments of the whole animal, presents the unique opportunity to...
The ability of flatworms to regenerate entire brain structures, and indeed much of their body from mere fragments of the whole animal, presents the unique opportunity to observe the development of day-night rhythms in adult animals. In many animals, young are arrhythmic, and their species-specific timing of activity develops as the animal matures. In this study, we created two flatworm cohorts, housed in isolation, that were regenerating either (1) the brain in a decapitated animal, or (2) major body structures in a bisected, tailless animal. In this way, we observed how bisection influenced the level of activity and diel rhythmicity, and how these developed as each flatworm regenerated. Here, we demonstrate that intact flatworms were predominantly active at night, with peaks in activity seen in the hours after lights-off and before lights-on. While decapitated and tailless flatworms could still move, both were less active than the original animal, and both segments retained a nocturnal lifestyle. Furthermore, decapitated flatworms, once regenerated, again showed a U-shaped pattern of nocturnal activity reminiscent of the two night-time peaks seen in the original animal. These results could be used to further investigate how regeneration may affect motor control and motor output, or to further investigate the presence of a clock in the flatworm brain.
Topics: Animals; Planarians; Circadian Rhythm; Regeneration; Head; Brain
PubMed: 36960836
DOI: 10.1177/07487304231158947 -
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical... Mar 2021Diabetics are twice as likely to have depression. It's normal to have long periods of sadness and anxiety. Pioglitazone has important role in the inflammatory response,...
Diabetics are twice as likely to have depression. It's normal to have long periods of sadness and anxiety. Pioglitazone has important role in the inflammatory response, which suggests that it might have the associated anti-depressant effects being manifested by its anti-depressant profile which needs further exploration. Monitoring changes in behavioral and neurochemical profile of pioglitazone in a dose-dependent manner was the purpose of this study. Pioglitazone was injected to rats at the doses of 0mg/kg, 2.5mg/kg, 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg. Behavioral activities in open field, Skinner's box and elevated plus maze were monitored 20, 35 and 45 minutes respectively after pioglitazone injection. whole brain samples were collected following decapitation of rats one-hour after injection. Samples were kept at -70ºC till HPLC-EC analysis for neurochemical profile. Results show anxiogenic and sedative effects of pioglitazone at all three doses as indicated by Skinner's box, elevated plus maze activity and open field. Also there was an overall decreased dopamine metabolism and increased serotonin turnover. This suggests that diabetic patients using pioglitazone as a therapeutic option, may experience more potent effects of CNS depressants. Findings may help in extending therapeutics in diabetic patients suffering from anxiety and/or depression.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Elevated Plus Maze Test; Hypoglycemic Agents; Motor Activity; Open Field Test; Pioglitazone; Rats; Serotonin
PubMed: 34275837
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Impotence... Dec 2020The aim of this study is to examine the possible benefits of exercise and caloric restriction (CR) on cardiovascular hemodynamics, erectile function, and antioxidant...
The aim of this study is to examine the possible benefits of exercise and caloric restriction (CR) on cardiovascular hemodynamics, erectile function, and antioxidant system in metabolic syndrome (MS). Sixty male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into five groups; control, MS, MS + CR, MS + exercise (EXC), and MS + CR + EXC. To induce MS, 10% fructose solution was applied for 3 months. Thereafter, in CR groups calorie was restricted 40% and in EXC groups swimming was performed for 6 weeks. Body weight, blood glucose, and blood pressure (BP) levels were measured before and after MS induction and at the end of the experiment. After decapitation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, adiponectin (ADP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 levels were investigated in blood, oxidative stress parameters were examined in heart, aorta, and corpus cavernosum (CC) tissues. Isometric contraction in isolated tissue bath was studied in aorta and CC tissues. Animals subjected to exercise and CR had decreased BP and blood glucose levels. Impaired contraction-relaxation responses in MS group were improved with exercise and CR. MS-induced increase in TNF-α, PAI-1, malondialdehyde (MDA), and decrease in ADP, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were normalized with exercise and CR. Exercise and CR may be beneficial against changes in cardiovascular hemodynamics caused by MS.
Topics: Animals; Caloric Restriction; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Oxidative Stress; Penile Erection; Rats
PubMed: 33009496
DOI: 10.1038/s41443-020-00356-w -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2021Autism spectrum disorder is associated with alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here, we aimed to determine the concentration of GABA,...
Autism spectrum disorder is associated with alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here, we aimed to determine the concentration of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, taurine, and glycine in brain tissue and plasma of rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), a well-characterized experimental model of autism. Pregnant rats were injected with VPA (600mg/Kg) during the twelfth-embryonic-day. Control rats were injected with saline. On the fourteen-postnatal-day, rats from both groups (males and females) were anesthetized, euthanized by decapitation and their brain dissected out. The frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, brain stem and cerebellum were dissected and homogenized. Homogenates were centrifuged and supernatants were used to quantify amino acid concentrations by HPLC coupled with fluorometric detection. Blood samples were obtained by a cardiac puncture; plasma was separated and deproteinized to quantify amino acid concentration by HPLC. We found that, in VPA rats, glutamate and glutamine concentrations were increased in hippocampus and glycine concentration was increased in cortex. We did not find changes in other regions or in plasma amino acid concentration in the VPA group with respect to control group. Our results suggest that VPA exposure in utero may impair inhibitory and excitatory amino acid transmission in the infant brain.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Brain; Female; Male; Plasma; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Valproic Acid
PubMed: 33729379
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190861 -
Gene Oct 2019Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways play important roles in the formation of the blood vascular system and...
BACKGROUND
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways play important roles in the formation of the blood vascular system and nervous system across animal phyla. We have earlier reported VEGF and FGF from Hydra vulgaris Ind-Pune, a cnidarian with a defined body axis, an organized nervous system and a remarkable ability of regeneration. We have now identified three more components of VEGF and FGF signaling pathways from hydra. These include FGF-1, FGF receptor 1 (FGFR-1) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) with a view to deciphering their possible roles in regeneration.
METHODS
In silico analysis of proteins was performed using Clustal omega, Swiss model, MEGA 7.0, etc. Gene expression was studied by whole mount in situ hybridization. VEGF and FGF signaling was inhibited using specific pharmacological inhibitors and their effects on head regeneration were studied.
RESULTS
Expression patterns of the genes indicate a possible interaction between FGF-1 and FGFR-1 and also VEGF and VEGFR-2. Upon treatment of decapitated hydra with pharmacological inhibitor of FGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 for 48 h, head regeneration was delayed in treated as compared to untreated, control regenerates. When we studied the expression of head specific genes HyBra1 and HyKs1 and tentacle specific gene HyAlx in control and treated regenerates using whole mount in situ hybridization, expression of all the three genes was found to be adversely affected in treated regenerates.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that VEGF and FGF signaling play important roles in regeneration of hypostome and tentacles in hydra.
Topics: Animals; Computer Simulation; Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Gene Expression Regulation; Head; Humans; Hydra; Indoles; Protein Domains; Pyrroles; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; Regeneration; Signal Transduction; Structural Homology, Protein; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2
PubMed: 31421190
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144047 -
Chemosphere Aug 2017The effect of decapitation on enhancing plant growth and Cd accumulation in Celosia argentea Linn. was evaluated using a pot experiment. Decapitation significantly...
The effect of decapitation on enhancing plant growth and Cd accumulation in Celosia argentea Linn. was evaluated using a pot experiment. Decapitation significantly enhanced the growth of C. argentea. The numbers of branch and leaf in the decapitated plants (DP) were significantly higher than those in undecapitated plants (UDP, p < 0.05). Decapitation increased the biomass by 75%-105% for roots, 108%-152% for stems, and 80%-107% for leaves. Although the transpiration and photosynthesis rates were not significantly different between DP and UPD, decapitation significantly increased the total leaf area and total transpiration per plant (p < 0.05). The higher total transpiration per plant resulted in a higher leaf Cd concentration in DP. DP accumulated Cd in shoots (197, 275, and 425 μg plant) that were 2.5-2.8 times higher than UDP (78, 108, and 152 μg plant), with the soils containing 1, 5, and 10 mg kg Cd. Results suggested that decapitation is a novel and convenient method to improve the phytoextraction efficiency of C. argentea in Cd contaminated soils.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Biomass; Cadmium; Celosia; Photosynthesis; Plant Structures; Soil; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 28458213
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.095 -
Functional Plant Biology : FPB Nov 2020Stevia is a herbaceous plant containing non-sugar sweeteners that could be regarded as a successor to sugar for diabetics. However, there are some problems with the...
Greenhouse evaluation of branching, leaf yield and biochemical compositions of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni to decapitation and foliar application of abscisic acid and fluridone.
Stevia is a herbaceous plant containing non-sugar sweeteners that could be regarded as a successor to sugar for diabetics. However, there are some problems with the cultivation of stevia, especially in the greenhouse, including unbranching and low sweetening agents. To overcome this issue, an experiment was designed to increase not only the branching and leaf production but also the sweetness. Therefore, a novel strategy using abscisic acid (0, 50, 100, 150 μM), its inhibitor, i.e. fluridone (0, 50, 100, 150 μM) and decapitation of plant apical meristems was applied. Results showed that when stevia was decapitated, dormant buds responded to the application of abscisic acid and fluridone. Under these conditions, axillary buds were developed to branches. As well leaf, total dry weight, soluble sugars and steviol glycosides (SGs) were significantly increased. In addition, the interaction of abscisic acid (50 and 100 μM) and fluridone (50 μM) had the highest positive effects on plant growth and steviol glycosides production rather than their sole applications. Results also indicated that decapitation removed a terminal dominance over a limited period of time and the terminal dominance was re-established with the growth of the terminal branches, whereas the influence of 50 µM fluridone on stevia was long term and the number of shoots was greater. Since stevia is a costly sweetener, the results of this study could be used in greenhouses, where the cultivation of stevia seems to be reasonable in terms of economic aspects.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Decapitation; Humans; Plant Leaves; Pyridones; Stevia
PubMed: 32731921
DOI: 10.1071/FP20045 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) Dec 2023Animal reproduction under stressful conditions is often reduced, with current survival and future reproduction being generally traded off against current reproductive...
Animal reproduction under stressful conditions is often reduced, with current survival and future reproduction being generally traded off against current reproductive activity. This study examines the impacts of physical and chemical stressors on the rates of asexual reproduction of the invasive planarian Girardia tigrina. 320 wild-caught planaria (mixed size class) were kept individually in Petri dishes such that their individual rates of fission through fragmentation could be easily monitored. Four treatment groups were compared, one chemical (5 mg/L ammonia) and one physical (decapitation), in comparison to a negative control (animals were starved of food) and a positive control where the animals were given an abundance of food. The two treatment groups immediately began reproducing asexually and accumulated the highest number of fissions over the course of the 12-day investigation period, while the positive control only began to fission after 7 days. We propose that the reproductive response observed here is an adaptive one to stressful conditions, whereby the likelihood of survival through numerical abundance is enhanced, although the size and vulnerability of resulting fragments may impose a balancing cost. The response may play a role in the invasiveness of G. tigrina by making it able to colonize environments where adverse conditions prevail.
Topics: Animals; Planarians; Reproduction, Asexual; Reproduction
PubMed: 37975975
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02713-z -
Gene Apr 2018Cytokinins (CKs) play a crucial role in promoting axillary bud outgrowth and targeting the control of CK metabolism can be used to enhance branching in plants. CK levels...
Cytokinins (CKs) play a crucial role in promoting axillary bud outgrowth and targeting the control of CK metabolism can be used to enhance branching in plants. CK levels are maintained mainly by CK biosynthesis (isopentenyl transferase, IPT) and degradation (dehydrogenase, CKX) genes in plants. A systematic study of the IPT and CKX gene families in apple, however, has not been conducted. In the present study, 12 MdIPTs and 12 MdCKXs were identified in the apple genome. Systematic phylogenetic, structural, and synteny analyses were performed. Expression analysis of these genes in different tissues was also assessed. MdIPT and MdCKX genes exhibit distinct expression patterns in different tissues. The response of MdIPT, MdCKX, and MdPIN1 genes to various treatments (6-BA, decapitation and Lovastatin, an inhibitor of CKs synthesis) that impact branching were also investigated. Results indicated that most of the MdIPT and MdCKX, and MdPIN1 genes were upregulated by 6-BA and decapitation treatment, but inhibited by Lovastatin, a compound that effectively suppresses axillary bud outgrowth induced by decapitation. These findings suggest that cytokinin biosynthesis is required for the activation of bud break and the export of auxin from buds in apple tree with intact primary shoot apex or decapitated apple tree. MdCKX8 and MdCKX10, however, exhibited little response to decapitation, but were significantly up-regulated by 6-BA and Lovastatin, a finding that warrants further investigation in order to understand their function in bud-outgrowth.
Topics: Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; Arabidopsis; Benzyl Compounds; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Plant; Evolution, Molecular; Flowers; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Genome, Plant; Lovastatin; Malus; Multigene Family; Oxidoreductases; Phylogeny; Plant Growth Regulators; Purines; Synteny; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 29409851
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.101