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Alcohol Research : Current Reviews Oct 2019Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depressive disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and co-occur more often than expected by chance. The aim of this... (Review)
Review
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depressive disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and co-occur more often than expected by chance. The aim of this review is to characterize the prevalence, course, and treatment of co-occurring AUD and depressive disorders. Studies have indicated that the co-occurrence of AUD and depressive disorders is associated with greater severity and worse prognosis for both disorders. Both pharmacologic and behavioral treatments have demonstrated efficacy for this population. However, treatment response is somewhat modest, particularly for drinking outcomes, highlighting the importance of further research on the etiology and treatment of co-occurring AUD and depressive disorders. Key future directions include studies to understand the heterogeneity of both AUD and depressive disorders, research on novel treatment approaches to enhance outcomes, and better understanding of sex and gender differences.
Topics: Alcoholism; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Prevalence; Prognosis
PubMed: 31649834
DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01 -
Journal of Child Psychology and... Dec 2017'Depression is a common, debilitating, and potentially lethal disorder.' This is a standard opening to many a scientific paper on depression. And it is often followed by...
'Depression is a common, debilitating, and potentially lethal disorder.' This is a standard opening to many a scientific paper on depression. And it is often followed by some very grim statistics. Over 300 million people in the world are estimated to live with depression, and the disorder is ranked by WHO as the single largest contributor to global disability. Most worryingly, adolescents with major depressive disorder are up to 30 times more likely to commit suicide. Yet, what exactly is depression? Do all 300 million depressed people in the world suffer from the same thing, with the same aetiology? Is depression one disorder that comes in different shades of severity or is it best thought of as heterogeneous mix of problems that we have given one common name to? And, more practically, should we be treating all depression in similar ways?
Topics: Depressive Disorder; Humans
PubMed: 29148049
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12844 -
The Lancet. Psychiatry Sep 2020Persistent depressive disorder is a chronic mood disorder that is common and often more disabling than episodic major depression. In DSM-5, the term subsumes several... (Review)
Review
Persistent depressive disorder is a chronic mood disorder that is common and often more disabling than episodic major depression. In DSM-5, the term subsumes several chronic depressive presentations, including dysthymia with or without superimposed major depressive episodes, chronic major depression, and recurrent major depression without recovery between episodes. Dysthymia can be difficult to detect in psychiatric and primary care settings until it intensifies in the form of a superimposed major depressive episode. Although information is scarce concerning the cause of persistent depressive disorder including dysthymia, the causation is likely to be multifactorial. In this narrative Review, we discuss current knowledge about the nosology and neurobiological basis of dysthymia and persistent depressive disorder, emphasising a dimensional perspective based on course for further research. We also review new developments in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for persistent depressive disorder, and propose a tailored, modular approach to accommodate its multifaceted nature.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Chronic Disease; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder, Major; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Dysthymic Disorder; Humans; Psychotherapy; Recurrence
PubMed: 32828168
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30099-7 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Jun 2021Depressive disorder is one of the most widespread forms of psychiatric pathology, worldwide. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the number of people... (Review)
Review
Depressive disorder is one of the most widespread forms of psychiatric pathology, worldwide. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the number of people with depression, globally, is increasing dramatically with each year. Previous studies have demonstrated that various factors, including genetics and environmental stress, contribute to the risk of depression. As such, it is crucial to develop a detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of depressive disorder and animal studies are essential for identifying the mechanisms and genetic disorders underlying depression. Recently, many researchers have reported on the pathology of depression via various models of depressive disorder. Given that different animal models of depression show differences in terms of patterns of depressive behavior and pathology, the comparison between depressive animal models is necessary for progress in the field of the depression study. However, the various animal models of depression have not been fully compared or evaluated until now. In this paper, we reviewed the pathophysiology of the depressive disorder and its current animal models with the analysis of their transcriptomic profiles. We provide insights for selecting different animal models for the study of depression.
Topics: Animals; Depressive Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Species Specificity
PubMed: 33650178
DOI: 10.1111/cns.13622 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by low mood, loss of interest/enjoyment, and reduced energy and one of the five leading causes of disability and a... (Review)
Review
Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by low mood, loss of interest/enjoyment, and reduced energy and one of the five leading causes of disability and a major contributor to all-cause mortality worldwide. People with depression have, between others, a reduced life expectancy, worse quality of life and cardiorespiratory fitness, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, compared to the general population. Furthermore, the economic burden of mental disorders including depression is evident, and it is expected to increase to more than double by 2030. Therefore, reducing the growing burden of mental disorders such as depression should be a health priority. Improved prevention and treatment are two key factors that may reduce the burden of depression. Pharmacological- and psychotherapy-based interventions have been traditionally considered for treating depression disorders; however, there is an increasing amount of scientific evidence confirming that physical activity and physical exercise should be highly considered in prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. In this chapter, we aim to summarize and discuss the research progress of physical activity and exercise in prevention and treatment of depressive disorder. Specifically, we summarized and discussed the research progress of the prognostic use of physical activity for incident depression, the importance of sedentary behavior and other outcomes typically improved by physical activity/exercise such as cardiorespiratory fitness for future depression, the research progress of the evidence of the benefits of exercise in people with depression disorders, the resistance training effects in adults and older adults with depression, and the recommendations for the prescription of exercise for people with depression.
Topics: Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Depressive Disorder; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Humans; Quality of Life
PubMed: 32342464
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_18 -
Current Neuropharmacology 2015
Review
Topics: Animals; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Sleep
PubMed: 26412067
DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1304150831123535 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Feb 2019A 45-year-old woman with hypothyroidism that has been treated with a stable dose of levothyroxine presents to her primary care provider with depressed mood, negative... (Review)
Review
A 45-year-old woman with hypothyroidism that has been treated with a stable dose of levothyroxine presents to her primary care provider with depressed mood, negative feelings about herself, poor sleep, low appetite, poor concentration, and lack of energy. These symptoms began several months ago during a conflict with her partner. Although she has been able to continue with work and life responsibilities, she feels sadness most days and occasionally thinks that she would be better off dead. How would you evaluate and treat this patient?
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Primary Health Care; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 30726688
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1712493 -
General Hospital Psychiatry 2020Post-stroke depression (PSD) is common and associated with higher mortality, poorer recovery, more pronounced cognitive deficits, and lower quality of life than is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is common and associated with higher mortality, poorer recovery, more pronounced cognitive deficits, and lower quality of life than is stroke without depression. This manuscript will conduct an updated, comprehensive and clinically-useful review of the risk factors, pathophysiology, assessment, prevention, and treatment of PSD.
METHODS
This narrative review summarizes articles obtained on PubMed, Medline, EMBase, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Database. This review prioritized articles with a more robust level of evidence, such as original articles with longitudinal data and/or larger samples, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and metaanalyses.
RESULTS
One hundred twenty-four articles were reviewed, of which 44 (35%) were published before 2016 and 80 (65%) that were published since 2016.
DISCUSSION
Rates of PSD range from 18 to 33%, yet it is vastly underdiagnosed and undertreated. Risk factors for PSD include female sex, history of psychiatric illness, large or multiple strokes, injuries in frontal/anterior areas or in the basal ganglia, stroke occurrence within the past year, poor social support, and pronounced disability. The pathophysiology of PSD is multifactorial and likely involves decreased levels of monoamines, abnormal neurotrophic response, increased inflammation with dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. The evidence for preventive interventions for PSD is somewhat inconsistent and modest. The best treatment for PSD consists of the combination of pharmacological, psychosocial and stroke-focused interventions.
CONCLUSION
PSD is a common, treatable condition that is associated with several negative outcomes. Early detection and proper management are critical to obtain better outcomes in individuals with PSD.
Topics: Depressive Disorder; Humans; Stroke
PubMed: 32717644
DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011 -
Asian Journal of Psychiatry Jun 2017Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders; however, its etiology remains unclear. This paper aims to summarize the... (Review)
Review
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders; however, its etiology remains unclear. This paper aims to summarize the major neurobiological underpinnings of depression, synthesizing the findings into a comprehensive integrated view. A literature review was conducted using Pubmed. Search terms included "depression" or "MDD" AND "biology", "neurobiology", "inflammation", "neurogenesis", "monoamine", and "stress". Articles from 1995 to 2016 were reviewed with a focus on the connection between different biological and psychological models. Some possible pathophysiological mechanisms of depression include altered neurotransmission, HPA axis abnormalities involved in chronic stress, inflammation, reduced neuroplasticity, and network dysfunction. All of these proposed mechanisms are integrally related and interact bidirectionally. In addition, psychological factors have been shown to have a direct effect on neurodevelopment, causing a biological predisposition to depression, while biological factors can lead to psychological pathology as well. The authors suggest that while it is possible that there are several different endophenotypes of depression with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, it may be helpful to think of depression as one united syndrome, in which these mechanisms interact as nodes in a matrix. Depressive disorders are considered in the context of the RDoC paradigm, identifying the pathological mechanisms at every translational level, with a focus on how these mechanisms interact. Finally, future directions of research are identified.
Topics: Depressive Disorder; Humans
PubMed: 28558878
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025 -
Psychiatria Danubina Sep 2018Guidelines for the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) do not meet the criteria of evidence-based medicine and better-quality research is required to... (Review)
Review
Guidelines for the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) do not meet the criteria of evidence-based medicine and better-quality research is required to inform clinical practice. Current treatments of resistant depression remains largely empirical. There are no bench-mark antidepressants. Clear and justifiable rationale should be followed while initiating new treatment strategies; systematic planning and careful monitoring of progress implemented while new treatment components are added. Biological psychiatrists should give due importance to the non-biological aspects of depression and psychotherapists should not overlook the biological correlates. Unidimensional solution will not work for a complex illness like refractory depression and a single answer should not be sought as a cure because the aetiology of depression is multifactorial and the pathophysiology itself remains unknown. Psychopharmacological interventions are still the main stay of treatment of TRD. There are two major alternatives to pharmacotherapy: neuromodulation and psychotherapy. Alternative terminologies for TRD like MTR-MDD (Multiple Therapy Resistant-Major Depressive Disorder) are being introduced reflecting the frustrations of clinicians and patients with the conventional definition of TRD and treatment modalities.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder, Major; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Evidence-Based Medicine; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Patient Care Team; Psychotherapy; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30267518
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2018.273