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JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Dec 2022In the developed societies, supportive environmental, physical and social conditions enable participation of persons with disabilities in the mainstream through actions,... (Review)
Review
In the developed societies, supportive environmental, physical and social conditions enable participation of persons with disabilities in the mainstream through actions, like provision of ramps and reserved parking. In contrast, in the developing countries like Pakistan, with focus on visual disability, years lost to disabilities compromise and restrict the productive life span of the disabled. The current narrative review was planned to highlight the perspective of disability in the context of Pakistan to bring to limelight the issues requiring immediate focus of the health authorities and the government through a holistic and sustainable approach. Of the 177 publications found on literature search, 33(%) English-language, full-text studies were reviewed. To address disability issues, long-term sustainable actions, like health reforms, including ensuring availability of rehabilitation professionals in hospitals, legislative reforms to initiate relevant legislations, capacity-building of persons with disabilities, including their mainstreaming, are deemed essential.
Topics: Humans; Pakistan; Disabled Persons; Policy
PubMed: 37246676
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.5090 -
Seminars in Speech and Language Sep 2018Neurodiversity is both an empowerment movement and a way of thinking about disability. Rather than focusing on pathology and impairment, neurodiversity emphasizes... (Review)
Review
Neurodiversity is both an empowerment movement and a way of thinking about disability. Rather than focusing on pathology and impairment, neurodiversity emphasizes natural variation and the unique skills, experiences, and traits of neurodivergent individuals. People who stutter are beginning to work with and derive value from these concepts. In this article, we look at the history of neurodiversity and its key ideas. We discuss the conventional view of disability, the medical model, which situates disability within the individual as pathology. We also take up social and relation models of disability, which situate disability in social oppression or mismatches between individuals and their environment. Neurodiversity has not been without controversy. We look at some of the disagreements surrounding issues of intervention and cure. The ideas of neurodiversity are applied to stuttering, and a case example illustrating therapy using these ideas is given. We conclude that therapy should focus on subject's well-being and not normalization of superficial behaviors.
Topics: Disabled Persons; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Advocacy; Stuttering
PubMed: 30142648
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667166 -
Age and Ageing Aug 2020frailty and disability are very common in older adults; they share some risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. Yet, they are different clinical entities.
BACKGROUND
frailty and disability are very common in older adults; they share some risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. Yet, they are different clinical entities.
OBJECTIVES
this study aimed to explore a potential hierarchical relationship between frailty and disability along the continuum of the disablement process.
DESIGN
prospective cohort study.
SETTING
the French Three-City (3C) study.
SUBJECTS
the sample included 943 participants aged 75 and older.
METHODS
the Fried frailty phenotype, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were used. We distinguished between four mutually excluding groups: (i) robust (no frailty and no disability); (ii) pure frailty (no disability); (iii) frailty with IADL disability (no ADL disability) and (iv) frailty with IADL and ADL disabilities. We used Cox's regression models to study the 4-year mortality risk associated with each status.
RESULTS
Eight-two per cent of participants were classified according to the assumed hierarchy: 61.3% was robust, 5.4% frail, 10.5% frail and IADL-disabled and 4.8% frail, IADL and ADL-disabled. An extra group of 17% was identified with IADL-disabled individuals without frailty. This extra group was similar to pure frailty in terms of characteristics and risk of death, placing them along the continuum at an intermediate stage between robustness and the two most disabled sub-groups.
CONCLUSIONS
our findings suggest that including frailty along the continuum could be relevant to describe the whole disablement process. Frailty would occur upstream of the process and might be relevant to identify an opportune time window, where specific monitoring and clinical interventions could be implemented in order to interrupt the process at a potentially more reversible stage.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Disabled Persons; Frail Elderly; Frailty; Humans; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 32365166
DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa031 -
Rehabilitation Psychology Nov 2018Personal disability identity (PDI) refers to a positive self-concept as a person with a disability. This study examined the reliability and structural validity of scores...
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE
Personal disability identity (PDI) refers to a positive self-concept as a person with a disability. This study examined the reliability and structural validity of scores on the Personal Disability Identity Scale (PDIS; Hahn & Belt, 2004) and correlates of PDI in adults with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Research Method/Design: Two hundred six adult participants with RP completed a cross-sectional online survey measuring PDI, general self-efficacy, mobility tool use, age at diagnosis, education level, and demographic variables.
RESULTS
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a two-factor model of PDI: denial of disability and affirmation of disability. Findings from multiple linear regression indicated that lower disability denial in individuals with RP was associated with higher general self-efficacy. Both disability denial and disability affirmation were associated with use of mobility tool, but not with age at diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Future research on disability identity may benefit from a separate consideration of disability denial and disability affirmation. Lower disability denial predicts higher general self-efficacy in RP. Clinical implications include supporting personal disability acceptance rather than attempting to "normalize" individuals with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disabled Persons; Female; Humans; Internet; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Retinitis Pigmentosa; Self Concept; Self Efficacy; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 30211602
DOI: 10.1037/rep0000238 -
Rehabilitation Psychology Nov 2020To inform the field of rehabilitation psychology about the impacts of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on the disability community in the United States and the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To inform the field of rehabilitation psychology about the impacts of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on the disability community in the United States and the additional sources of stress and trauma disabled people face during these times.
METHOD
A review of the literature on disability and COVID-19 is provided, with an emphasis on sources of trauma and stress that disproportionately impact the disability community and the ways in which disability intersects with other marginalized identities in the context of trauma and the pandemic. We also reflect on the potential impacts on the field of psychology and the ways in which psychologists, led by rehabilitation psychologists, can support disabled clients and the broader disability community at both the individual client and systemic levels.
RESULTS
The COVID-19 pandemic introduces unique potential sources of trauma and stress within the disability community, including concerns about health care rationing and ableism in health care, isolation, and the deaths and illnesses of loved ones and community members.
CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Rehabilitation psychologists and other professionals should be aware of the potential for trauma and stress among disabled clients and work with them to mitigate its effects. Additionally, psychologists should also work with the disability community and disabled colleagues to address systemic and institutional ableism and its intersections with other forms of oppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: COVID-19; Disabled Persons; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Stress, Psychological; United States; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 33119381
DOI: 10.1037/rep0000368 -
International Journal For Equity in... Jan 2021Equity and inclusion are important principles in policy development and implementation. The aim of this study is to explore the extent to which equity and inclusion were...
BACKGROUND
Equity and inclusion are important principles in policy development and implementation. The aim of this study is to explore the extent to which equity and inclusion were considered in the development of Malawi's National Disability Mainstreaming Strategy and Implementation Plan.
METHODS
We applied an analytical methodology to review the Malawi's National Disability Mainstreaming Strategy and Implementation Plan using the EquIPP (Equity and Inclusion in Policy Processes) tool. The EquIPP tool assesses 17 Key Actions to explore the extent of equity and inclusion.
RESULTS
The development of the Malawi National Disability Mainstreaming Strategy and Implementation Plan was informed by a desire to promote the rights, opportunities and wellbeing of persons with disability in Malawi. The majority (58%) of the Key Actions received a rating of three, indicating evidence of clear, but incomplete or only partial engagement of persons with disabilities in the policy process. Three (18%) of the Key Actions received a rating of four indicating that all reasonable steps to engage in the policy development process were observed. Four (23%) of the Key Actions received a score five indicating a reference to Key Action in the core documents in the policy development process.
CONCLUSIONS
The development of disability policies and associated implementation strategies requires equitable and inclusive processes that consider input from all stakeholders especially those whose wellbeing depend on such policies. It is pivotal for government and organisations in the process of policy or strategy development and implementation, to involve stakeholders in a virtuous process of co-production - co-implementation - co-evaluation, which may strengthen both the sense of inclusion and the effectiveness of the policy life-cycle.
Topics: Community Participation; Disabled Persons; Health Policy; Humans; Malawi; Policy Making; Vulnerable Populations
PubMed: 33413443
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01378-y -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022Active tourism improves human health and well-being regardless of age or disabilities. The paper analyses and describes current issues concerning the tourism of people... (Review)
Review
Active tourism improves human health and well-being regardless of age or disabilities. The paper analyses and describes current issues concerning the tourism of people with disabilities. The starting point is the currently insufficient availability of tourist offers for individuals with considerable motor dysfunctions. One of the causes for these limitations stems from deficiencies in transport means for people with disabilities. It was found that for a disabled passenger using public transport, it is crucial to consider its accessibility in the context of the entire transport system. Another cause is the limited popularity of innovative, atypical assistive equipment for people with disabilities. Those insights point out that novel assistive technologies need to be developed, as it is necessary to more effectively support the activity of people with disabilities in all areas of life, including tourism, as this enhances their social rehabilitation. This paper indicates the needs and describes and analyses examples of own original, innovative devices supporting the areas mentioned above of activity for people with disabilities. These analyses resulted in developing an algorithm to design innovative equipment, considerably expanding the tourism potential of people with motor disabilities. This design process focuses on the needs of people with disabilities and facilitates the development of novel classes of assistive technologies, thus promoting new areas of activity for all.
Topics: Humans; Tourism; Self-Help Devices; Disabled Persons
PubMed: 36361066
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114186 -
Nursing Research 2020Black men experience the highest rate of disability compared to White, Asian, and Hispanic men. Yet, we know little about how Black men with disabilities experience the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Black men experience the highest rate of disability compared to White, Asian, and Hispanic men. Yet, we know little about how Black men with disabilities experience the embodiment of their gender, race, social class, and disability positionalities and how they draw from their cultural backgrounds as they engage in health-seeking behaviors.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to explore how young Black men experienced the onset of chronic disabling conditions while negotiating health-promoting activities in the context of gender, race, social class, disability positionalities, and culture.
METHODS
This descriptive study used hermeneutic phenomenology to achieve study objectives. This study's research questions were answered using audiotaped, one-on-one qualitative interviews, along with detailed field notes. Each participant was interviewed twice at a mutually decided upon location to ensure their privacy and comfort.
RESULTS
In relation to their embodied interactions of self in the context of disability, these men described their health-related decisions using four themes: maintaining manhood, economic constraints, the "risk" of healthcare, and health promotion.
CONCLUSIONS
By examining the experiences of young adult Black men living with disabilities, knowledge of their perspectives and experiences at earlier stages in their life course contributes to the understanding of their personal challenges, health needs, and their perspectives of health-promoting strategies.
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asian People; Attitude to Health; Disabled Persons; Health Behavior; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Qualitative Research; United States; White People
PubMed: 31834116
DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000396 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jul 2015Understanding the prevalence of disability is important for public health programs to be able to address the needs of persons with disabilities. Beginning in 2013, to...
Understanding the prevalence of disability is important for public health programs to be able to address the needs of persons with disabilities. Beginning in 2013, to measure disability prevalence by functional type, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), added five questions to identify disability in vision, cognition, mobility, self-care, and independent living. CDC analyzed data from the 2013 BRFSS to assess overall prevalence of any disability, as well as specific types of disability among noninstitutionalized U.S. adults. Across all states, disabilities in mobility and cognition were the most frequently reported types. State-level prevalence of each disability type ranged from 2.7% to 8.1% (vision); 6.9% to 16.8% (cognition); 8.5% to 20.7% (mobility); 1.9% to 6.2% (self-care) and 4.2% to 10.8% (independent living). A higher prevalence of any disability was generally seen among adults living in states in the South and among women (24.4%) compared with men (19.8%). Prevalences of any disability and disability in mobility were higher among older age groups. These are the first data on functional disability types available in a state-based health survey. This information can help public health programs identify the prevalence of and demographic characteristics associated with different disability types among U.S. adults and better target appropriate interventions to reduce health disparities.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Cognition Disorders; Disabled Persons; Female; Humans; Independent Living; Male; Middle Aged; Mobility Limitation; Prevalence; Self Care; United States; Vision Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 26225475
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6429a2 -
Journal of Child Neurology Aug 2014The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) utilizes domains of body functions and structures, activities and participation, as well as... (Review)
Review
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) utilizes domains of body functions and structures, activities and participation, as well as environmental and personal factors to fully encapsulate the concepts of health and disability. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health provides a rich and holistic understanding of functioning that is particularly valuable in the setting of childhood disability and rehabilitation. With applicability that enhances a nuanced understanding of each child within their family, school, and community, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health also ensures facile and meaningful communication between professionals. Use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health promotes improved treatment plans for individual children and for larger programmatic decisions. This article demonstrates how the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health has reinvented the language and understanding of childhood disability and rehabilitation.
Topics: Disability Evaluation; Disabled Persons; Humans; International Classification of Diseases
PubMed: 24850572
DOI: 10.1177/0883073814533595