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Journal of Controlled Release :... Apr 2017Nanoemulsions are biphasic dispersion of two immiscible liquids: either water in oil (W/O) or oil in water (O/W) droplets stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant. These... (Review)
Review
Nanoemulsions are biphasic dispersion of two immiscible liquids: either water in oil (W/O) or oil in water (O/W) droplets stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant. These come across as ultrafine dispersions whose differential drug loading; viscoelastic as well as visual properties can cater to a wide range of functionalities including drug delivery. However there is still relatively narrow insight regarding development, manufacturing, fabrication and manipulation of nanoemulsions which primarily stems from the fact that conventional aspects of emulsion formation and stabilization only partially apply to nanoemulsions. This general deficiency sets up the premise for current review. We attempt to explore varying intricacies, excipients, manufacturing techniques and their underlying principles, production conditions, structural dynamics, prevalent destabilization mechanisms, and drug delivery applications of nanoemulsions to spike interest of those contemplating a foray in this field.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Stability; Emulsions; Excipients; Humans; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 28279798
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.008 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Mar 2020The purpose of this review is to introduce the functionalities of hyaluronic acid (HA) and its potential application as an effective carrier for topical/transdermal... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review is to introduce the functionalities of hyaluronic acid (HA) and its potential application as an effective carrier for topical/transdermal delivery. Specifically, several delivery mechanisms of HA were summarized here in order to explain its potential permeation-enhancing roles for the skin, which includes receptor-based delivery pathway, skin hydration, hydrophobic interaction with stratum corneum, bioadhesive properties, and viscoelastic properties. To achieve the optimum delivery efficacy for bioactive compounds at different target layers of the skin, HA with various molecular weights and chemical modifications were applied to design different delivery systems, including hydrogel, nanoemulsion, microemulsion, prodrug, microneedle, liposome/hyalurosome. Delivery efficacy has been evaluated using in vitro Franz Cell Diffusion method and/or in vivo animal models. Throughout this review, it was confirmed that HA could be an effective carrier for both topical and transdermal deliveries due to its unique viscoelasticity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, and biomedical benefits for the skin.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Hydrogels; Liposomes; Needles; Permeability; Skin
PubMed: 32036009
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119127 -
American Journal of Health-system... Nov 2020To determine the physical intravenous Y-site compatibility of 19 commonly used medications at pediatric concentrations with 3 different types of lipid emulsion. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To determine the physical intravenous Y-site compatibility of 19 commonly used medications at pediatric concentrations with 3 different types of lipid emulsion.
METHODS
Medications at commonly used pediatric concentrations were mixed in a 1:1 ratio with lipid emulsions (Intralipid, Nutrilipid, and Smoflipid) and incubated at room temperature for 4 hours to simulate Y-site administration. Each sample was then diluted with particle-free water and analyzed using the analytical technique of light obscuration recommended in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) general information chapter 729 (USP <729>). Physical compatibility was determined by measuring the percentage of fat residing in globules larger than 5 µm (PFAT5) per USP <729> recommendations.
RESULTS
Most combinations tested were physically compatible based on USP <729> regulations. Incompatibilities differed for the different brands of lipid emulsion. The two combinations that met USP <729> criteria for physical incompatibility were cisatracurium 2 mg/mL with Intralipid and gentamicin 2 mg/mL with Smoflipid.
CONCLUSION
Three different lipid emulsions were physically compatible at the Y site with the majority of medications tested. Data regarding Y-site compatibility for one lipid emulsion product cannot be safely extrapolated to another without additional testing.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Incompatibility; Emulsions; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fish Oils; Humans; Olive Oil; Pediatrics; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phospholipids; Soybean Oil; Triglycerides
PubMed: 32974650
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa299 -
Macromolecular Rapid Communications Sep 2022Emulsion as a fine dispersion of immiscible liquids has involved widespread applications in industry, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and personal care. Stimuli-responsive... (Review)
Review
Emulsion as a fine dispersion of immiscible liquids has involved widespread applications in industry, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and personal care. Stimuli-responsive emulsions capable of on-demand demulsification or changing their properties are required in many cases such as controllable release cargo, oil recovery, emulsifier recycling, and product separation, great progress is achieved in these areas. Among these various triggers, much effort is made to develop physical stimuli, due to the noninvasive and environmentally friendly characteristics. Physical stimuli-responsive emulsions provide plenty of valuable practical applications in the fields of sustainable industry, biomedical reaction, drug delivery. Here, the recent development in the field of emulsions in response to physical stimuli consisting of temperature, light, magnetic fields, electrical fields, etc., is summarized. The preparation methods and mechanisms of physical stimuli-responsive emulsions and their applications of catalysis reaction, drug delivery, and oil recovery are highlighted in this review. The future directions and outstanding problems of the physical stimuli-responsive emulsions are also discussed.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Temperature
PubMed: 35622941
DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200193 -
Current Drug Delivery 2017In recent years, colloidal delivery systems based on nano-emulsion are gaining popularity; being used for encapsulation and delivery of many drugs. This review therefore... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In recent years, colloidal delivery systems based on nano-emulsion are gaining popularity; being used for encapsulation and delivery of many drugs. This review therefore aims at summarizing various methods of nano-emulsion formulation and their use as a topical and transdermal delivery vehicle for a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients from different pharmacological classes.
METHODS
This article represents a systematic review of nano-emulsions for topical and transdermal drug delivery. A vast literature was searched and critically analysed.
RESULTS
Nano-emulsions are thermokinetically stable dispersion systems, which have been used in topical and transdermal delivery of a number of pharmaceutically active compounds. Nano-emulsions have a narrow droplet size range with tuneable surface properties, which make them an ideal delivery vehicle. Nanoemulsions have a number of advantages over conventional emulsions, including easy preparation using various low and high energy methods, optical transparency, high solubilisation capacity, high stability to droplet aggregation and the ability to penetrate the skin; thus allowing the transdermal delivery of drugs.
CONCLUSION
This review indicated that nano-emulsions are promising vehicle for entrapping various drugs and are suitable for traversing the skin barrier for systemic effects.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Emulsions; Humans; Nanoparticles; Skin; Skin Absorption
PubMed: 27557672
DOI: 10.2174/1567201813666160824125444 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Jan 2023In most of the studies, nano-emulsion characterization is limited to their size distribution and zeta potential. In this review, we present an updated insight of the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
In most of the studies, nano-emulsion characterization is limited to their size distribution and zeta potential. In this review, we present an updated insight of the characterization methods of nano-emulsions, including new or unconventional experimental approaches to explore in depth the nano-emulsion properties.
AREA COVERED
We propose an overview of all the main techniques used to characterize nano-emulsions, including the most classical ones, up to and evaluation. Innovative approaches are then presented in the second part of the review that presents innovative, experimental techniques less known in the field of nano-emulsion such as the nanoparticle tracking analysis, small-angle X-ray scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, in the last part we discuss the use of lipophilic fluorescent probes and imaging techniques as an emerging tool to understand the nano-emulsion droplet stability, surface decoration, release mechanisms, and in .
EXPERT OPINION
This review is mostly intended for a broad readership and provides key tools regarding the choice of the approach to characterize nano-emulsions. Innovative and uncommon methods will be precious to disclose the information potentially reachable behind a formulation of nano-emulsions, not always known in first intention and with conventional methods.
Topics: Emulsions; Nanoparticles; Particle Size
PubMed: 36453201
DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2154075 -
Drug Discovery Today Jul 2020Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease... (Review)
Review
Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease at an early stage with instantaneous treatment. Various preclinical approaches of nanoemulsions with entrapped contrast and chemotherapeutic agents have been documented to act specifically on the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, bringing these theranostic nanoemulsions through preclinical trials to patients requires several fundamental hurdles to be overcome, including the in vivo behavior of the delivery tool, degradation, and clearance from the system, as well as long-term toxicities. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of nanoemulsions in molecular imaging with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy in a single delivery system.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Theranostic Nanomedicine; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 32344042
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.013 -
Advances in Colloid and Interface... Jul 2022Antibubbles are unusual physical objects consisting of a liquid core(s) surrounded by a thin air film/shell while in a bulk liquid. Antibubbles carry two air-liquid... (Review)
Review
Antibubbles are unusual physical objects consisting of a liquid core(s) surrounded by a thin air film/shell while in a bulk liquid. Antibubbles carry two air-liquid interfaces, i.e., one with the inner liquid and the other with the outer liquid. The distinct structure of antibubbles makes them quite attractive for drug and therapeutic delivery, although their potential applications have not been realized so far. The major challenge in this regard is a short-lived span of antibubbles, which is usually in the order of a few minutes to a few hours based on the stabilization mechanism used. We present a critical overview of different techniques that can be used to generate antibubbles. This includes a more commonly applied conventional approach in which the air-film is created through surface entrapment when a liquid jet/drop falls on a bulk liquid. The other available options rely on entirely different mechanisms for antibubble formation, for instance, through drop encapsulation by a submerged air bubble, or through evaporation/sublimation of volatile oil from a W/O/W double emulsion. Furthermore, the mechanisms of antibubble formation and collapse, and the factors affecting their stability have been discussed explicitly; and wherever required, the concept is correlated to other allied physical objects such as bubbles, liquid marbles, etc. Finally, the potential applications, research gaps in the existing knowledge, and some directions for future research are provided towards the end of this article.
Topics: Emulsions
PubMed: 35526307
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102688 -
Drug Delivery and Translational Research Jul 2022Lipid-based emulsion system - a subcategory of emulsion technology, has emerged as an enticing option to improve the solubility of the steadily rising water-insoluble... (Review)
Review
Lipid-based emulsion system - a subcategory of emulsion technology, has emerged as an enticing option to improve the solubility of the steadily rising water-insoluble candidates. Along with enhancing solubility, additional advantages such as improvement in permeability, protection against pre-systemic metabolism, ease of manufacturing, and easy to scale-up have made lipid-based emulsion technology very popular among academicians and manufacturers. The present article provides a comprehensive review regarding various critical properties of lipid-based emulsion systems, such as microemulsion, nanoemulsion, SMEDDS (self microemulsifying drug delivery system), and SNEDDS (self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system). The present article also explains in detail the similarities and differences between them, the stabilization mechanism, methods of preparation, excipients used to prepare them, and evaluation techniques. Subtle differences between nearly related terminologies such as microemulsion and nanoemulsion, SMEDDS, and SNEDDS are also explained in detail to clarify the basic differences. The present article also gives in-depth information regarding the chemical structure of various lipidic excipients, various possible chemical modifications to modify their inherent properties, and their regulatory status for rational selection.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Biological Availability; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Excipients; Lipids; Particle Size; Solubility; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 34609731
DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01071-9 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Feb 2016Lipid nanosized emulsions or nanoemulsions (NE) are oil in water dispersions with an oil droplet size of about 200nm. This size of oil droplets dispersed in a continuous... (Review)
Review
Lipid nanosized emulsions or nanoemulsions (NE) are oil in water dispersions with an oil droplet size of about 200nm. This size of oil droplets dispersed in a continuous water phase is a prerequisite for the parenteral, namely intravenous administration. Many parenteral nutrition and drug emulsions on the market confirm the safe use of NE over years. Parenteral emulsions loaded with APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) are considered as drug delivery systems (DDS). DDS focuses on the regulation of the in vivo dynamics, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and extended bioavailability, thereby improving the effectiveness and the safety of the drugs. Using an emulsion as a DDS, or through the use of surface diversification of the dispersed oil droplets of emulsions, a targeted increase of the API concentration in some parts of the human body can be achieved. This review focuses on NE similar to the marketed once with no or only low amount of additional surfactants beside the emulsifier from a manufacturing point of view (technique, used raw materials).
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Lipids; Nanoparticles; Parenteral Nutrition; Polyethylene Glycols; Proteins; Surface Properties
PubMed: 26699427
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.016