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Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2019Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is used for measuring average particle diameter and particle diameter distribution of nano-sized particles dispersed in liquid. The... (Review)
Review
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is used for measuring average particle diameter and particle diameter distribution of nano-sized particles dispersed in liquid. The parameters are important characteristics mainly for drug delivery system (DDS) formulations, such as solid in oil (S/O) formulations, liposome formulations, suspension formulations, and emulsion formulations. Herein are described a measurement method and measurement case of particle diameter analysis of medical products using laser light.
Topics: Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Dynamic Light Scattering; Emulsions; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Oils; Particle Size; Pharmacopoeias as Topic; Suspensions
PubMed: 30713234
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00171-1 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Oct 2014Recent studies have suggested that epidermal barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and other allergic diseases. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Recent studies have suggested that epidermal barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and other allergic diseases.
OBJECTIVE
We performed a prospective, randomized controlled trial to investigate whether protecting the skin barrier with a moisturizer during the neonatal period prevents development of AD and allergic sensitization.
METHODS
An emulsion-type moisturizer was applied daily during the first 32 weeks of life to 59 of 118 neonates at high risk for AD (based on having a parent or sibling with AD) who were enrolled in this study. The onset of AD (eczematous symptoms lasting >4 weeks) and eczema (lasting >2 weeks) was assessed by a dermatology specialist on the basis of the modified Hanifin and Rajka criteria. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of AD plus eczema (AD/eczema) at week 32 of life. A secondary outcome, allergic sensitization, was evaluated based on serum levels of allergen-specific IgE determined by using a high-sensitivity allergen microarray of diamond-like carbon-coated chips.
RESULTS
Approximately 32% fewer neonates who received the moisturizer had AD/eczema by week 32 than control subjects (P = .012, log-rank test). We did not show a statistically significant effect of emollient on allergic sensitization based on the level of IgE antibody against egg white at 0.34 kUA/L CAP-FEIA equivalents. However, the sensitization rate was significantly higher in infants who had AD/eczema than in those who did not (odds ratio, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.22-6.73).
CONCLUSION
Daily application of moisturizer during the first 32 weeks of life reduces the risk of AD/eczema in infants. Allergic sensitization during this time period is associated with the presence of eczematous skin but not with moisturizer use.
Topics: Adult; Allergens; Dermatitis, Atopic; Egg Hypersensitivity; Egg Proteins; Emulsions; Epidermis; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Infant, Newborn; Japan; Male; Microarray Analysis; Risk
PubMed: 25282564
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.060 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Apr 2022The aim of this study was to develop high load-capacity antibubbles that can be visualized using diagnostic ultrasound and the encapsulated drug can be released and...
The aim of this study was to develop high load-capacity antibubbles that can be visualized using diagnostic ultrasound and the encapsulated drug can be released and delivered using clinically translatable ultrasound. The antibubbles were developed by optimising a silica nanoparticle stabilised double emulsion template. We produced an emulsion with a mean size diameter of 4.23 ± 1.63 µm where 38.9 ± 3.1% of the droplets contained a one or more cores. Following conversion to antibubbles, the mean size decreased to 2.96 ± 1.94 µm where 99% of antibubbles were <10 µm. The antibubbles had a peak attenuation of 4.8 dB/cm at 3.0 MHz at a concentration of 200 × 10 particles/mL and showed distinct attenuation spikes at frequencies between 5.5 and 13.5 MHz. No increase in subharmonic response was observed for the antibubbles in contrast to SonoVue®. High-speed imaging revealed that antibubbles can release their cores at MIs of 0.6. In vivo imaging indicated that the antibubbles have a long half-life of 68.49 s vs. 40.02 s for SonoVue®. The antibubbles could be visualised using diagnostic ultrasound and could be disrupted at MIs of ≥0.6. The in vitro drug delivery results showed that antibubbles can significantly improve drug delivery (p < 0.0001) and deliver the drug within the antibubbles. In conclusion antibubbles are a viable concept for ultrasound guided drug delivery.
Topics: Contrast Media; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Microbubbles; Nanoparticles; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35358937
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105986 -
Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) Jun 2019Core-shell nanofibers have grown in popularity over the last decade owing to their special features and their many applications in biomedicine. They can be produced by... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Core-shell nanofibers have grown in popularity over the last decade owing to their special features and their many applications in biomedicine. They can be produced by electrospinning of immiscible polymer blends or emulsions through a single nozzle or by electrospinning using a coaxial nozzle. Several of the electrospinning parameters allow great versatility for the compositions and diameters of core-shell nanofibers to be produced. Morphology of core-shell nanofibers can be investigated using transmission electron microscopy and, in some cases, scanning electron microscopy. Several studies have shown that core-shell nanofibers have some advantages over monolithic nanofibers, such as better drug, protein, gene or probiotic incorporation into the nanofibers, greater control over drug release, and maintenance of protein structure and activity during electrospinning. We herein review the production and characterization of core-shell nanofibers, the critical parameters that affect their development, and their advantages as delivery systems.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Emulsions; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nanofibers; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Polymers
PubMed: 31259723
DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0014 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021In order to overcome the limitations associated with vaginal administration of drugs, e.g., the short contact time of the drug form with the mucosa or continuous carrier... (Review)
Review
In order to overcome the limitations associated with vaginal administration of drugs, e.g., the short contact time of the drug form with the mucosa or continuous carrier wash-out, the development of new carriers for gynecological use is necessary. Furthermore, high individual anatomical and physiological variability resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of lipophilic active substances requires application of multicompartment drug delivery systems. This manuscript provides an up-to-date comprehensive review of the literature on emulsion-based vaginal dosage forms (EVDF) including macroemulsions, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, multiple emulsions and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. The first part of the paper discusses (i) the influence of anatomical-physiological conditions on therapeutic efficacy of drug forms after local and systemic administration, (ii) characterization of EVDF components and the manufacturing techniques of these dosage forms and (iii) methods used to evaluate the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of emulsion-based vaginal dosage forms. The second part of the paper presents (iv) the results of biological and in vivo studies as well as (v) clinical evaluation of EVDF safety and therapeutic efficacy across different indications.
Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Chemical Phenomena; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Female; Humans; Microbiota; Mucous Membrane; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Theranostic Nanomedicine
PubMed: 34208652
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126455 -
Advances in Colloid and Interface... Jul 2022Antibubbles are unusual physical objects consisting of a liquid core(s) surrounded by a thin air film/shell while in a bulk liquid. Antibubbles carry two air-liquid... (Review)
Review
Antibubbles are unusual physical objects consisting of a liquid core(s) surrounded by a thin air film/shell while in a bulk liquid. Antibubbles carry two air-liquid interfaces, i.e., one with the inner liquid and the other with the outer liquid. The distinct structure of antibubbles makes them quite attractive for drug and therapeutic delivery, although their potential applications have not been realized so far. The major challenge in this regard is a short-lived span of antibubbles, which is usually in the order of a few minutes to a few hours based on the stabilization mechanism used. We present a critical overview of different techniques that can be used to generate antibubbles. This includes a more commonly applied conventional approach in which the air-film is created through surface entrapment when a liquid jet/drop falls on a bulk liquid. The other available options rely on entirely different mechanisms for antibubble formation, for instance, through drop encapsulation by a submerged air bubble, or through evaporation/sublimation of volatile oil from a W/O/W double emulsion. Furthermore, the mechanisms of antibubble formation and collapse, and the factors affecting their stability have been discussed explicitly; and wherever required, the concept is correlated to other allied physical objects such as bubbles, liquid marbles, etc. Finally, the potential applications, research gaps in the existing knowledge, and some directions for future research are provided towards the end of this article.
Topics: Emulsions
PubMed: 35526307
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102688 -
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Jun 2023Currently, lipid emulsion (LE) is widely used to treat local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). LE also ameliorates intractable cardiovascular collapse caused by... (Review)
Review
Currently, lipid emulsion (LE) is widely used to treat local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). LE also ameliorates intractable cardiovascular collapse caused by lipid-soluble non-local anesthetic drug toxicity. This review aims to provide the underlying mechanism of LE resuscitation in drug toxicity (including LAST) and a detailed description of LE treatment and to discuss further research directions. We searched for relevant articles using the following keywords: "local anesthetic systemic toxicity or LAST or toxicity or intoxication or poisoning" and "Intralipid or lipid emulsion". The underlying mechanisms of LE treatment can be classified into indirect and direct effects. One indirect effect known as the lipid shuttle is a commonly accepted mechanism of LE treatment. The lipid shuttle involves the absorption of highly lipid-soluble drugs (e.g., bupivacaine) from the heart and brain through the lipid phase, which are then delivered to the muscle, adipose tissue, and liver for storage and detoxification. The direct effects include inotropic effects, fatty acid supply, attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction, glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation, and inhibition of nitric oxide. These mechanisms appear to act synergistically to treat drug toxicity. The recommended protocol for LE treatment of LAST is as follows: a bolus administration of 20% LE at 1.5 ml/kg over 2-3 min followed by 20% LE at 0.25 ml/kg/min. LAST most commonly occurs after intravenous administration of local anesthetics. However, non-local anesthetic drugs that cause drug toxicity are orally administered. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing schedule of LE treatment for non-local anesthetic drug toxicity.
Topics: Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
PubMed: 36704816
DOI: 10.4097/kja.23031 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2018Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent, colloidal drug carrier system extensively used by the scientists for effective drug delivery across the skin.... (Review)
Review
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent, colloidal drug carrier system extensively used by the scientists for effective drug delivery across the skin. It is a spontaneous isotropic mixture of lipophilic and hydrophilic substances stabilized by suitable surfactant and co-surfactant. The easy fabrication, long-term stability, enhanced solubilization, biocompatibility, skin-friendly appearance and affinity for both the hydrophilic and lipophilic drug substances make it superior for skin drug delivery over the other carrier systems. The topical administration of most of the active compounds is impaired by limited skin permeability due to the presence of skin barriers. In this sequence, the microemulsion represents a cost-effective and convenient drug carrier system which successfully delivers the drug to and across the skin. In the present review work, we compiled various attempts made in last 20 years, utilizing the microemulsion for dermal and transdermal delivery of various drugs. The review emphasizes the potency of microemulsion for topical and transdermal drug delivery and its effect on drug permeability.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Topical; Animals; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Microspheres; Skin Absorption
PubMed: 30372850
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.021 -
BioMed Research International 2022Hypertension is one of the most important causes of mortality, affecting the health status of the patient. At the same time, hypertension causes a huge health and... (Review)
Review
Hypertension is one of the most important causes of mortality, affecting the health status of the patient. At the same time, hypertension causes a huge health and economic burden on the whole world. The incidence and prevalence of hypertension are rising even among young people in both urban as well as rural communities. Although various conventional therapeutic moieties are available for the management of hypertension, they have serious flaws such as hepatic metabolism, reduced dose frequency, poor aqueous solubility, reduced bioavailability, and increased adverse effects, making the drug therapy ineffective. Therefore, it is required to design a novel drug delivery system having the capability to solve the constraints associated with conventional treatment of hypertension. Nanotechnology is a new way of using and manipulating the matter at the molecular level, whose functional organization is measured in nanometers. The applications of nanotechnology in the field of medicine provide an alternative and novel direction for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and show excellent performance in the field of targeted drug therapy. Various nanotechnologies based drug delivery systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanosuspension, nanoemulsion, liposome, self-emulsifying systems, and polymeric nanoparticles, are available. Among them, nanoemulsion has provided a niche to supplement currently available therapeutic choices due to numerous benefits like stability, ease of preparation, enhanced drug absorption, reduced hepatic metabolism, increased dose frequency, enhanced bioavailability, and encapsulation of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic drugs. This present review provides an in-depth idea about progression in treatment of hypertension, constraints for antihypertensive drug therapy, need of nanoemulsions to overcome these constraints, comparative analysis of nanoemulsions over other nanostructure drug delivery systems, pharmacodynamics studies of nanoemulsions for treatment of hypertension, recent patents for drug-loaded nanoemulsions meant for hypertension, and marketed formulations of nanoemulsions for hypertension.
Topics: Adolescent; Antihypertensive Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Hypertension; Liposomes; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 35463984
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4109874 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Pickering emulsions are emulsion systems stabilized by solid particles at the interface of oil and water. Pickering emulsions are considered to be natural,... (Review)
Review
Pickering emulsions are emulsion systems stabilized by solid particles at the interface of oil and water. Pickering emulsions are considered to be natural, biodegradable, and safe, so their applications in various fields-such as food, cosmetics, biomedicine, etc.-are very promising, including as a vehicle for essential oils (EOs). These oils contain volatile and aromatic compounds and have excellent properties, such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. Despite their superior properties, EOs are prone to evaporation, decompose when exposed to light and oxygen, and have low solubility, limiting their industrial applications. Several studies have shown that EOs in Pickering emulsions displays less sensitivity to evaporation and oxidation, stronger antibacterial activity, and increased solubility. In brief, the application of Pickering emulsions for EOs is interesting to explore. This review discusses recent progress in the application of Pickering emulsions, particularly as EO carriers, drug carriers, antioxidant and antimicrobial carriers, and in active packaging.
Topics: Emulsions; Oils, Volatile; Antioxidants; Excipients; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36431978
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227872