-
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science... Nov 2020The development of lipid-based delivery systems has attracted much attention over the last years and a wide variety of strategies and formulations are currently... (Review)
Review
The development of lipid-based delivery systems has attracted much attention over the last years and a wide variety of strategies and formulations are currently available to encapsulate, protect, and target delivery of bioactive and functional lipophilic constituents within the food and pharmaceutical industries. Waxes are crystalline lipid material, consisting of a complex mixture of long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones and show great promises as constituents of carrier systems. Most of waxes are classified under food-grade category and show high availability at a low cost. This review article has provided a comprehensive summary of research on major carriers containing wax as one of the main constituents, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, oleogels, and Pickering emulsions, with a focus on their food applications. The physical and chemical nature of natural waxes are described in the first while the second part deals with the structure, formulation, main methods of preparation, characterization, and finally utilization of each type of wax-based delivery system for specific food applications.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Lipids; Nanostructures; Organic Chemicals; Waxes
PubMed: 33337056
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12614 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2023In contrast to conventional particles that have isotropic surfaces, Janus ("two-faced") particles have anisotropic surfaces, which leads to novel physicochemical... (Review)
Review
In contrast to conventional particles that have isotropic surfaces, Janus ("two-faced") particles have anisotropic surfaces, which leads to novel physicochemical properties and functional attributes. Janus particles with differing compositions, structures, and functional attributes have been prepared using a variety of fabrication methods. Depending on their composition, Janus particles have been classified as inorganic, polymeric, or polymeric/inorganic types. Recently, there has been growing interest in preparing Janus particles from biological macromolecules to meet the demand for a more sustainable and environmentally friendly food and pharmaceutical supply. At interfaces, Janus particles exhibit the characteristics of both surfactants and Pickering stabilizers, and so their behavior can be described using adsorption theories developed to describe these surface-active substances. Research has highlighted several potential applications of Janus particles in food and medicine, including emulsion formation and stabilization, toxin detection, antimicrobial activity, drug delivery, and medical imaging. Nevertheless, further research is needed to design and fabricate Janus particles that are suitable as functional ingredients in the food and biomedicine industries.
Topics: Multifunctional Nanoparticles; Emulsions; Drug Delivery Systems; Polymers; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35475710
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067831 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutical... May 2022Critically ill and anesthetized patients commonly receive life-sustaining medications by pump-driven continuous intravenous infusion. Microinfusion refers to delivering...
Critically ill and anesthetized patients commonly receive life-sustaining medications by pump-driven continuous intravenous infusion. Microinfusion refers to delivering concentrated drugs with low flow carriers to conserve fluid administration. Most infused medications are water-soluble. Delivery onset lag times have been identified for microinfusions of water-soluble drugs or experimental surrogates. Drugs may be formulated as emulsions. Initiation of emulsion microinfusions has not been described. We tested in vitro the hypothesis that an emulsion's physical characteristics would influence its microinfusion delivery onset. We adapted an established in vitro model of pump-driven continuous intravenous microinfusion to compare the delivery of methylene blue as a surrogate for water-soluble drugs and a 10% lipid emulsion as a surrogate for a drug formulated as an emulsion. The drug surrogates joined the carrier with carrier flow vertically upwards, vertically downwards or horizontally. We measured the times to 5%, 50% and 95% of plateau delivery. Emulsion entry into a vertical (upwards) carrier flow resulted in a rapid initial emulsion delivery exceeding predictions of delivery models. Emulsion entry into both horizontal and vertical (downwards) carrier flows resulted in long lag times to steady state. Methylene blue delivery was unaffected by carrier flow orientation. Initiating microinfusion emulsion delivery with upward flow can result in a relative bolus, whereas long delivery lags would be expected with horizontal or downwards flow. An emulsion might carry a high potency drug having significant physiologic effects, e. g. clevidipine. Unrecognized, differences in initial emulsion delivery kinetics depending on carrier flow orientation may have clinical implications for both efficacy and safety.
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Equipment Design; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous
PubMed: 35227840
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106154 -
Biomaterials Science Jun 2023Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder that requires long-term and daily medication. Leonurine (Leo), an active alkaloid derived from , can effectively ameliorate...
Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder that requires long-term and daily medication. Leonurine (Leo), an active alkaloid derived from , can effectively ameliorate lipid profiles in mammals and serve as a candidate antihyperlipidemic agent for clinical applications. In this paper, poly(lactic--glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere (MP)-based drug delivery platforms were for the first time employed for hyperlipidemia management by encapsulating leonurine nanocrystals (Leo-nano) by a modified solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) double emulsion-solvent emulsion technique. The optimal formulation (Leo-nano@MP) was characterized by a high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of 19.90 ± 0.82% and 79.62 ± 3.57%, respectively, which followed first-order drug release kinetics over 20 days . Interestingly, Leo-nano@MP exhibited a unique morphology with a condensed surface yet a porous internal structure, which potentially contributed to the enhanced drug loading and release properties. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection of Leo-nano@MP every two weeks significantly ameliorated the lipid profiles and alleviated liver and kidney injury in HFD-fed rats in comparison with daily administration of free Leo. Besides, no abnormalities in the heart, lung, spleen, and skin tissues at injection sites were observed. In summary, Leo-nano@MP with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced administration frequency, and good biosafety constitutes a promising sustained-release platform for hyperlipidemia management.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Emulsions; Microspheres; Hyperlipidemias; Nanoparticles; Lipids; Particle Size; Delayed-Action Preparations; Mammals
PubMed: 37248852
DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00211j -
Macromolecular Bioscience Jun 2019Nanoparticles have the advantages over micron-sized particles to typically provide higher intracellular uptake and drug bioavailability. Emulsion techniques are commonly... (Review)
Review
Nanoparticles have the advantages over micron-sized particles to typically provide higher intracellular uptake and drug bioavailability. Emulsion techniques are commonly used methods for producing nanoparticles aiming at high encapsulation efficiency, high stability, and low toxicity. Here, the recent developments of nanoparticles prepared from emulsions, the synthesis of nanoparticles, their physicochemical properties, and their biomedical applications are discussed. Selection of techniques, such as emulsion polymerization, miniemulsion polymerization, microemulsion polymerization, and emulsion-solvent evaporation processes, strongly influences morphologies, size distributions, and particle properties. Details in the synthetic strategies governing the performance of nanoparticles in bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery are presented. Benefits and limitations of molecular imaging techniques are also discussed.
Topics: Biological Availability; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Nanoparticles; Polymerization
PubMed: 31016873
DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900063 -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) Jun 2022Lipid emulsion infusion is a first-line therapy against the toxicity of local anesthetics and is a potential treatment for other drug overdoses, especially for highly...
BACKGROUND
Lipid emulsion infusion is a first-line therapy against the toxicity of local anesthetics and is a potential treatment for other drug overdoses, especially for highly lipophilic drugs. Considering the lipophilic property of volatile anesthetics, we hypothesized that lipid emulsion could reverse general anesthesia.
METHODS
Using adult rats, we tested the effect of lipid emulsion infusion on time to emergence after discontinuation of sevoflurane and isoflurane, and further evaluated restoration of righting reflex under continuous sevoflurane anesthesia. Electroencephalogram during lipid emulsion infusion was also investigated under continuous sevoflurane inhalation. The effect of lipid emulsion on sevoflurane-induced respiratory and hemodynamic depressions was evaluated by measuring respiratory rate, PaCO (arterial partial pressure of CO), blood pressure, and heart rate. The binding property of lipid emulsion on sevoflurane and isoflurane was assessed using setting with a conical flask.
RESULTS
Lipid emulsion infusion significantly decreased time to emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia (131 ± 53 vs. 237 ± 69 s) and restored righting reflex during continuous sevoflurane inhalation, by comparing normal saline infusion. Consistent with the behavioral findings, the electroencephalogram under continuous sevoflurane showed decreased power of the bands at 5 min after the initiation of lipid emulsion infusion. In addition to reversing hypnosis, lipid emulsion recovered respiratory as well as hemodynamic depressions induced by sevoflurane. Decreased time to emergence was observed also in isoflurane anesthesia (203 ± 111 vs. 314 ± 154 s). To investigate the binding mechanism of lipid emulsion infusion, experiments revealed significantly decreased anesthetic concentrations of sevoflurane and isoflurane by mixing with lipid emulsion.
CONCLUSIONS
Lipid emulsion facilitated reversal from volatile anesthetics, as shown by several parameters. As lipid emulsion could bind to volatile anesthetics and simply decrease their effects, our findings suggest that lipid emulsion is a potentially useful agent to reverse general anesthesia.
Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Emulsions; Humans; Isoflurane; Lipids; Methyl Ethers; Rats; Rodentia; Sevoflurane
PubMed: 34985393
DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.2020280 -
Current Opinion in Pharmacology Oct 2014Double emulsions, with inner drops well protected by the outer shells, show great potential as compartmentalized systems to encapsulate multiple components for... (Review)
Review
Double emulsions, with inner drops well protected by the outer shells, show great potential as compartmentalized systems to encapsulate multiple components for protecting actives, masking flavor, and targetedly delivering and controllably releasing drugs. Precise control of the encapsulation characteristics of each component is critical to achieve an optimal therapeutic efficacy for pharmaceutical applications. Such controllable encapsulation can be realized by using microfluidic approaches for producing monodisperse double emulsions with versatile and controllable structures as the encapsulation system. The size, number and composition of the emulsion drops can be accurately manipulated for optimizing the encapsulation of each component for pharmaceutical applications. In this review, we highlight the outstanding advantages of controllable microfluidic double emulsions for highly efficient and precisely controllable encapsulation.
Topics: Drug Compounding; Emulsions; Microfluidics
PubMed: 25194838
DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.08.003 -
AAPS PharmSciTech May 2022Nature has been used as therapeutic resources in the treatment of diseases for many years. However, some natural compounds have poor water solubility. Therefore,... (Review)
Review
Nature has been used as therapeutic resources in the treatment of diseases for many years. However, some natural compounds have poor water solubility. Therefore, physicochemical strategies and technologies are necessary for development of systems for carrying these substances. The self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been used as carriers of hydrophobic compounds in order to increase the solubility and absorption, improving their bioavailability. SEDDS are constituted with a mixture of oils and surfactants which, when come into contact with an aqueous medium under mild agitation, can form emulsions. In the last years, a wide variety of self-emulsifying formulations containing bioactive compounds from natural origin has been developed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the main excipients and natural bioactive compounds composing SEDDS. In addition, applications, new technologies and innovation are reviewed as well. Examples of self-emulsifying formulations administered in different sites are also considered for a better understanding of the use of this strategy to modify the delivery of compounds from natural origin.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Biological Availability; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Excipients; Solubility
PubMed: 35534702
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02291-z -
Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 2019During past decades, liposomes have emerged as efficient carriers for drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, nutrients and other bioactive agents. Liposomes, the spherical... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
During past decades, liposomes have emerged as efficient carriers for drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, nutrients and other bioactive agents. Liposomes, the spherical vesicles consisting of phospholipids bilayer have the ability to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Extensive studies have been done in the past for investigating a number of drugs and genes for controlled release with liposomal formulation. Liposomes have also been investigated for their use in cancer treatment. Liposomes offer various advantages because of their biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and non-immunogenic nature.
METHODS
Liposomes have cell-specific targeting with important applications in the fields of nanotechnology like cancer therapy, diagnosis, gene delivery, cosmetics, agriculture and in food technology. They are prepared by various methods like sonication method, ethanol injection method, lipid film hydration method, micro-emulsion method.
CONCLUSION
This review will provide an overview of classification, the various formulation methods, characterization, patented formulations and applications of liposomes with future prospects.
Topics: Animals; Drug Compounding; Emulsions; Humans; Lipids; Liposomes; Neoplasms; Patents as Topic
PubMed: 30479223
DOI: 10.2174/1872210513666181127110413 -
Advances in Colloid and Interface... Oct 2022In the early 20th century, Pickering and Ramsden revealed that solid particles could be utilized as emulsion stabilizers. Later, it was shown that particles can be used... (Review)
Review
In the early 20th century, Pickering and Ramsden revealed that solid particles could be utilized as emulsion stabilizers. Later, it was shown that particles can be used to aid in stablilization of foam as well. Differentiated from the emulsions/foams constructed by using surfactant agents, particle-stabilization offers significant advantages, such as better interfacial stability, non-toxicity, and less sensitive to environmental influences. Therefore, particle-stabilized foam and emulsion systems have the potential to gain more applications in the food, drug delivery, and cosmetic field. The internal mechanism and principle of particle stabilization interface have been clarified by introducing the classic mechanism of Pickering stabilization. By summarizing the additional/different effects of the protein, the relationship between the adaptive behavior of the protein in the interface and the protein structure has been explained. Furthermore, the functions of protein besides interface stabilization are introduced, such as encapsulation, taste masking and the catalytic properties of Pickering particles. Finally, deep thinking was triggered based on the existing research foundation, a new concept of "edible capillary foam" was proposed, and a new outlook was made. It is anticipated that the perception acquired from the current intense activity in this field will help researchers to reform existing materials and invent additional formulations, facilitating the exploration of additional engineering applications.
Topics: Emulsions; Food; Proteins; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 36054943
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102743