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PloS One 2018Pupil diameter measurement is crucial for physical assessment and disease monitoring in a health and nursing care situation. A general penlights (GPLs) is frequently...
Pupil diameter measurement is crucial for physical assessment and disease monitoring in a health and nursing care situation. A general penlights (GPLs) is frequently used and allow for an approximate and indirect measurement of the pupil diameter. Health caregivers or nurses generally have less confidence in the value of the pupil diameter measured using the GPL. The Advanced Penlight (APL) is a new device designed for accurate measurement of the pupil diameter. The purpose of the presented research was to compare the accuracies and operational times of the pupil diameter measurements by means of the GPL and APL. One-group post-test and single-blind study designed was used in this study. The innovation of the APL is the addition of a perspective measurement ruler (PMR) attached to one side of the penlight that allows precise measurement of the pupil diameter before and after pupillary contraction. The PMR can be rotated by any angle for adaptation to the measurement conditions. After standard pupil diameter measurements by a refractometer (RM) were performed on a subjects, ninety study participants measured the pupil diameters of the same subject separately by the GPL and APL. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the opinions of the participants after using the GPL compare to the APL. The mean age of the participants was 20.01 (SD = 0.47) years and 83% of them were female senior nursing students. There were no statistically significant differences between the average values of pupil diameters measured by the APL and the RM. Compared to the GPL, the pupil diameter measured by APL was much similar to the RM measurement. The average operational time was 8.72 seconds shorter (t = -3.81, p = 0.001) for the APL measurement compared to the GPL measurement. The average scores of convenience and confidence on pupil diameter measurements of questionnaire were higher for the APL compared to the GPL. The APL can increase the accuracy and save operating time of pupil diameter measurement and thereby promote the quality of health assessment and nursing care practice.
Topics: Attitude; Female; Humans; Male; Ophthalmology; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Pupil; Refractometry; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 30403695
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205978 -
Journal of the College of Physicians... Nov 2023To investigate whether pulmonary artery diameters obtained from lung perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) images and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether pulmonary artery diameters obtained from lung perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) images and semiquantitative visual scoring (SVS) could serve as predictors of chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease (CPTED) in acute pulmonary embolism patients (APE).
STUDY DESIGN
Observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsun Provincial Health Directorate, Gazi State Hospital, Samsun, Turkey, from January 2016 to March 2021.
METHODOLOGY
A total of 142 patients undergoing lung perfusion SPECT-CT were included in this study. Patients were classified as APE (+) (n=42) and APE (-) (n=100) based on laboratory and radiological findings, clinical diagnosis, and treatment protocol. Non-contrast CT images were used to determine the diameters (mm) of the main (MPA), right (RPA), and left (LPA) pulmonary arteries and the main pulmonary artery/aorta (PA/AO) ratio. All perfusion defects were scored using SVS for the PE (+) group. Seventeen patients with a diagnosis of CPTED were followed up. The scores and arterial diameters of recovered APE and follow-up patients were compared.
RESULTS
The mean diameters (mm) of MPA, RPA, and LPA and PA/AO ratio were 29.74±5.51, 21.73±4.11, 22.74±4.16, and 0.83±0.16 in the APE (+) group and 26.18±4.99, 19.35±3.84, 19.49±4.15, and 0.77±0.15 in the APE (-) group, respectively (p<0.001). Mean MPA diameter (mm), total defect (TD), right visual defect (RVD), and PA/AO ratio were 31.67±15.65, 29.88±15.59, 17.65±10.51, and 0.91±0.18 in the CPTED group and 28.06±4.59, 18.92±13.30, 10.4±7.41, and 0.78±0.15 in the recovered APE group, respectively (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Assessment of pulmonary artery diameter and PA/AO ratio may indicate APE, but TD and RVD scores may be predictive factors for CPTED when included in the assessment along with MPA dilatation and PA/AO ratio.
KEY WORDS
Acute pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary artery diameter, Lung SPECT-CT, Chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease, Semi-quantitative visual scoring.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Embolism; Acute Disease; Lung Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Hominidae; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37926872
DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2023.11.1229 -
Odontology Jan 2020The purpose of this study was to evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings of radicular cysts with a focus on location, size, and condition of the surrounding bone....
The purpose of this study was to evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings of radicular cysts with a focus on location, size, and condition of the surrounding bone. Subjects comprised 60 men and 86 women (mean age 47.2 years) with histopathologically confirmed radicular cysts who underwent CT examination between 2012 and 2014. Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters were measured at the location where the lesion appeared to be largest on CT axial images. Of the 146 cases, 103 lesions were in the maxilla and 43 were in the mandible. Mesiodistal diameter of the maxillary lesions was significantly larger than that of the mandibular lesions. However, the ratio of mesiodistal diameter to buccolingual diameter in the mandible was significantly larger than that in the maxilla. Bone expansion was more significant in the maxilla than in the mandible. Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters in only the maxilla and perilesional sclerotic radiolucency in images of both jaws were significantly associated with the severity of clinical symptoms. The findings suggest that radicular cysts in the maxilla are accompanied by bone expansion in the mesiodistal and buccolingual directions and those in the mandible progress in the mesiodistal direction without bone expansion. Clinical acute symptoms (pain and swelling) are correlated with lesion size in the maxilla; such a correlation is not clear for mandibular lesions, and discovery of mandibular lesions may, therefore, be delayed.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Maxilla; Middle Aged; Radicular Cyst; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tooth
PubMed: 31292814
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00443-5 -
Clinical Imaging Apr 2022To assess the associations between simple measurements of left atrial (LA) size and image quality of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).
PURPOSE
To assess the associations between simple measurements of left atrial (LA) size and image quality of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four hundred and nineteen patients who underwent CCTA were retrospectively examined. Image quality was measured by coronary artery attenuation and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the proximal coronary artery (mean values of right coronary artery and left main trunk). LA transverse (LA-TRA) and anterior-posterior (LA-AP) diameter were measured on non-contrast CT images of the chest. The relationships of coronary attenuation and CNR with LA diameters were assessed by Pearson's correlation or Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive value of LA diameters for image quality.
RESULTS
Both coronary artery attenuation value and CNR were independently correlated with LA-AP diameter (r = -0.38, for artery attenuation; r = -0.16, for CNR, both p < 0.001), and LA-TRA diameter (r = -0.2, p < 0.001, for artery attenuation; r = -0.11, p = 0.02, for CNR), respectively. With a cutoff value of 34 mm, the LA-AP diameter had a sensitivity of 85.2%, a specificity of 68.4% and an area under curve (AUC) of 0.77 for prediction of insufficient image quality (coronary artery attenuation less than 326 Hounsfield units).
CONCLUSION
Coronary artery attenuation and CNR in CCTA decreased with larger LA size.
Topics: Computed Tomography Angiography; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35151132
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.01.003 -
Heart (British Cardiac Society) Jan 2020To provide population-based distributions of thoracic aortic diameters in men and women aged 55 years or older and to identify determinants of thoracic aortic diameters. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To provide population-based distributions of thoracic aortic diameters in men and women aged 55 years or older and to identify determinants of thoracic aortic diameters.
METHODS
From 2003 to 2006, 2505 participants (1208 men, mean age 69.1±6.8 years) from the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study underwent non-enhanced cardiac CT. The diameter of the ascending (AA) and descending aorta (DA) was measured at the level of the pulmonary bifurcation.
RESULTS
The mean diameter of the ascending and descending aorta was substantially larger in men (38±4 mm and 30±2 mm) than in women (35±3 mm and 27±2 mm). An ascending aortic diameter of larger than 40 mm was found in 228 (18.9%) men and 76 (5.9%) women and a descending aortic diameter larger than 40 mm was found in two men and no women. Male sex was found to be independently associated with larger DA diameter (standardised β 0.24, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.30), while a statistically non-significant trend was found for the AA diameter (standardised β 0.06, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.12). Age, height, weight and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were also associated with larger AA and/or DA diameters. Diabetes was associated with smaller AA and DA diameters. We found no evidence for effect modification by sex.
CONCLUSIONS
In persons aged 55 years or older, an ascending aortic diameter of 40 mm or larger was found in 18.9% of men and 5.9% of women. Given the importance of sex, sex-specific distribution values may prove useful in clinical practice, even when correcting for body surface area or height.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aging; Aorta, Thoracic; Aortography; Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques; Computed Tomography Angiography; Electrocardiography; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors
PubMed: 31551294
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315320 -
Archives of Oral Biology Apr 2024This study examines whether larger enamel prism diameters accommodate a greater enamel volume from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) to the outer-enamel surface (OES) in...
OBJECTIVE
This study examines whether larger enamel prism diameters accommodate a greater enamel volume from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) to the outer-enamel surface (OES) in primate molars, and how prism size relates to enamel thickness and crown location.
DESIGN
We assessed variation in enamel prism diameter in relation to crown location and enamel thickness in catarrhine lower molars (n = 14 species) and one platyrrhine. Prism diameter and enamel thickness were recorded in four locations (lingual lateral; lingual cuspal; buccal cuspal; buccal lateral), using a buccal-lingual section through the centre of the mesial cusps. Ten prism diameter readings were collected at inner (near the EDJ), outer (near the OES) and middle (between the two locations) enamel for each location.
RESULTS
Mean prism diameter values for each species were similar (range: 4.06 µm to 5.81 µm). Prism diameter enlarged from inner to outer enamel, suggesting larger prisms help accommodate the increase in enamel volume from the EDJ to the OES. Average prism diameter does not associate with enamel thickness. Instead, cuspal positions had significantly smaller prism diameter at the EDJ than lateral positions, and larger prism sizes at the OES, leading to an overall similar prism diameter mean for all positions (Lingual lateral: 5.11 µm; Lingual cuspal: 5.04 µm; Buccal cuspal: 4.78 µm; Buccal lateral: 4.99 µm).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study revealed consistent average enamel prism diameters in various crown locations of lower primate molars, potentially contributing to the mechanical integrity and functional optimization of enamel in primates.
Topics: Animals; Hominidae; Dentin; Dental Enamel; Primates; Molar
PubMed: 38266424
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105895 -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Background-There are conflicting data in the international literature on the risks of abnormal fetal growth in fetuses presenting an isolated single umbilical artery...
Background-There are conflicting data in the international literature on the risks of abnormal fetal growth in fetuses presenting an isolated single umbilical artery (SUA), and the pathophysiology of this complication is poorly understood. Objective-To evaluate if changes in diameter of the remaining umbilical artery in fetuses presenting an isolated SUA are associated with different fetal growth patterns. Study design-This was a two-center prospective longitudinal observational study including 164 fetuses diagnosed with a SUA at the 20-22-week detailed ultrasound examination and 200 control fetuses with a three-vessel cord. In all cases, the diameters of the cord vessels were measured in a transverse view of the central portion of the umbilical cord, and the number of cord vessels was confirmed at delivery. Logistic regression and nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were carried out to evaluate the association of the umbilical artery diameter in a single artery with small for-gestational age (SGA) and with fetal growth restriction (FGR). The impact of artery dimension was adjusted for maternal BMI, parity, ethnicity, side of the remaining umbilical artery and umbilical resistance index (RI) in the regression model. Results-A significantly ( < 0.001) larger mean diameter was found for the remaining artery in fetuses with SUA compared with controls (3.0 ± 0.9 vs. 2.5 ± 0.6 mm). After controlling for BMI and parity, we found no difference in umbilical resistance and side of the remaining umbilical artery between the SUA and control groups. A remaining umbilical artery diameter of >3.1 mm was found to be associated with a lower risk of FGR, but this association failed to be statistical significant (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.33-1.09, value = 0.089). We also found that the mean vein-to-artery area ratio was significantly ( < 0.001) increased in the SUA group as compared with the controls (2.4 ± 1.8 vs. 1.8 ± 0.9; mean difference = 0.6; Cohen's d = 0.46). Conclusion-In most fetuses with isolate SUA, the remaining artery diameter at 20-22 weeks is significantly larger than in controls. When there are no changes in the diameter and, in particular, if it remains <3.1 mm, the risk of abnormal fetal growth is higher, and measurements of the diameter of the remaining artery could be used to identify fetuses at risk of FGR later in pregnancy.
PubMed: 36766676
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030571 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Mar 2022Optic nerve sheath diameters (ONSD) have been validated as an accurate screening tool to detect elevated intracranial pressure in hypertensive encephalopathy. The...
BACKGROUND
Optic nerve sheath diameters (ONSD) have been validated as an accurate screening tool to detect elevated intracranial pressure in hypertensive encephalopathy. The neurologic manifestations of preeclampsia and/or eclampsia mimic those of hypertensive encephalopathy. This study was performed to assess the incidence of elevated optic nerve sheath diameters of patients with severe preeclampsia and neurologic criteria compared to non-preeclamptic patients. The secondary objective was to determine baseline optic nerve sheath diameters in patients with severe preeclampsia without neurologic criteria and preeclampsia without severe features.
METHODS
Single site cohort study including 62 pregnant women 18 years or older and 20 weeks or further gestation. Patients with preeclampsia without severe features, preeclampsia with severe features by non-neurologic criteria, preeclampsia with severe features with neurologic criteria, and patients without preeclampsia were enrolled via convenience sampling. One blinded reviewer measured sheath diameters; baseline demographics and pregnancy data were collected by chart review. Statistical analysis was completed with STATA/IC 16. Categorical variables were compared by the χtest. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and discrete variables were presented as medians and compared by Kruskal-Wallis testing. Normality was confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk testing. Linear and logistic regression were used to test the association between the preeclampsia groups and optic nerve sheath diameters. Models were presented as unadjusted and adjusted for BMI, gestation, hypertension, diabetes, parity, and gravidity.
RESULTS
The incidence of optic nerve sheath diameters > 5.8 mm was 43.8% in the severe preeclampsia with neurologic features cohort, and 42.1% in the control cohort, with a relative risk of 1.04. Patients with severe preeclampsia without neurologic features had sheath diameters of 5.75 mm ± 1.09 mm; non-severe preeclampsia patients had sheath diameters of 5.54 mm ± 1.26 mm.
CONCLUSIONS
We did not find a significant elevated optic nerve sheath diameter relative risk between severe preeclampsia patients with neurologic features and non-preeclampsia control patients. This is the first study to assess a North American population utilizing ACOG criteria for severe and non-severe preeclampsia, with severe cohorts additionally stratified by neurologic criteria.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Optic Nerve; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Regression Analysis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35305582
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04548-8 -
Arthroscopy : the Journal of... Nov 2022(1) To investigate the pattern and diameter of the iatrogenic defect that meniscal repair devices impose on meniscal tissue and (2) to determine whether repair-induced...
PURPOSE
(1) To investigate the pattern and diameter of the iatrogenic defect that meniscal repair devices impose on meniscal tissue and (2) to determine whether repair-induced defect patterns or diameters differ across devices.
METHODS
Sixty-one fresh frozen human cadaveric menisci were used (n = 9; eliminated). All-inside devices (n = 9) included ULTRA FAST-FIX, FAST-FIX 360, Depuy Mitek 0° and 12° TRUESPAN, ConMed Sequent, Zimmer Biomet JuggerStitch, Stryker IvyAIR, Arthrex FiberStitch and Meniscal Cinch II. Inside-out needles (n = 4) included ConMed HiFi, Depuy Mitek ORTHOCORD, Arthrex-2-0 FiberWire, and Stryker SharpShooter. Following India Ink staining, implant devices were inserted into cadaveric menisci. Samples were fixed in formalin solution and imaged with a high-resolution camera. Defects were classified by qualitative evaluation. Defect and needle diameter were quantified with software assistance. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance testing.
RESULTS
We analyzed 644 iatrogenic defects with mean defect diameter of 1.96 mm (standard deviation 0.86). For all-inside devices, defect patterns (n = 436) were 15.6% linear, 38.1% semilunar, 46.3% stellate, while inside-out devices (n = 208) were 95.7% stellate, 4.3% linear, and 0.0% semilunar. All-inside devices had mean defect diameter of 2.46 mm, while inside-out meniscus needles had mean 0.90 mm defect diameter (P < .001). FasT-FIX 360, ULTRA-FAST-FIX, and Arthrex Meniscal Cinch II induced smaller diameter defects than other all-inside devices (F = 20.2, P < .05). Strong positive correlation was found comparing outer needle diameter and mean defect diameters across all devices (R = 0.9447).
CONCLUSIONS
Needles utilized in meniscal implant systems produce the following basic defect patterns: stellate (62.3%), semilunar (25.8%), and linear (11.9%). A strong positive correlation was found between mean defect size and outer needle diameter across all devices. Inside-out double-armed flexible needles produced significantly smaller defects than all-inside devices. Of the all-inside devices, ULTRA FAST-FIX, FAST-FIX 360, and Arthrex Meniscal Cinch II produced smaller defects on average.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
While the true clinical impact of these findings cannot be drawn from the present study, this investigation provides necessary context to better understand reported similarities and differences in healing rates and outcomes between inside-out and all-inside repair techniques.
Topics: Humans; Tibial Meniscus Injuries; Menisci, Tibial; Suture Techniques; Meniscus; Cadaver; Iatrogenic Disease
PubMed: 36344063
DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.05.009 -
International Braz J Urol : Official... 2021To evaluate changes in verumontanum anatomy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who used 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) and to propose an...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
To evaluate changes in verumontanum anatomy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who used 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) and to propose an anatomical classification of the verumontanum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We studied 86 patients with BPH and 7 patients without the disease (age under 40 years-old who underwent kidney or ureteral lithotripsy). Of the patients with BPH, 34 (mean age=67.26) had 5-ARIs use and 52 (mean age=62.69) did not use the drug. During surgeries, photographs of the seminal colliculus were taken and later, with the aid of software (Image J), the length (longitudinal diameter) and width (transverse diameter) of the verumontanum were measured in all patients. During the procedure, we evaluated the different types of verumontanum. For statistical analysis, the R-Project software was used.
RESULTS
In the group of patients with BPH who were taking medication (group 1), the mean measures of length and width of the verumontanum were 4.69mm and 2.94mm respectively. In the group of patients with BPH who did not use the drug (group 2), the mean diameters were 4.54mm and 3.20mm respectively. In the control group (group 3), the average length and width were 5.63mm and 4.11mm respectively. There was an increase in longitudinal and transverse measurements of the control group with an increase in body mass index (BMI) (p=0.0001 and p=0.035 respectively). In addition, there was a reduction in transverse diameter in the group of BPH using 5-ARI with increased prostate volume (p=0.010). We found five different verumontanum types: "volcano" (51.61%), "lighthouse" (24.73%), "whale tail" (12.90%), "hood" (5.38%) and "castle door" (5.38%), which we propose as an anatomical classification.
CONCLUSION
Veromontanum has smaller measurements in patients with BPH regardless of treatment. In the control group, there was an increase in verumontanum diameters with an increase in BMI. The volcano type of verumontanum was the most frequent regardless of groups and BMI.
Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Endoscopy; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Urethra
PubMed: 33146982
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.0055