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PloS One 2022Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic,...
OBJECTIVE
Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance. We aimed to determine aortic and lower-extremity arterial reference diameters in a general population and compare them according to age, sex, and other characteristics.
METHODS
We evaluated consecutive 3,692 patients who underwent computed tomography as part of a general health checkup from 2015-2019 in a single tertiary center. Aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameters and the most important factor related to arterial diameters were evaluated.
RESULTS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm, while that of the common iliac artery was 10.851 ± 1.689 mm. The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Significant intersex differences were observed for all mean diameters and lengths. Multilinear regression analysis showed that age, sex, and body surface area impacted mean diameters of all measured sites except aorta and common iliac artery length. Between male and female patients matched for body surface area, there were significant intersex differences for all measured sites, except for common iliac artery length.
CONCLUSIONS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta in this healthy cohort was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm overall, 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men, and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Arterial diameter increased with male sex, older age, and increased body surface area, and aortic diameters were larger in men than in women with the same body surface area.
Topics: Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Body Surface Area; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Iliac Artery; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35511926
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268077 -
Plastic Surgery (Oakville, Ont.) 2014Since the pioneering work of Jacobson and Suarez, microsurgery has steadily progressed and is now used in all surgical specialities, particularly in plastic surgery....
BACKGROUND
Since the pioneering work of Jacobson and Suarez, microsurgery has steadily progressed and is now used in all surgical specialities, particularly in plastic surgery. Before performing clinical procedures it is necessary to learn the basic techniques in the laboratory.
OBJECTIVE
To assess an animal model, thereby circumventing the following issues: ethical rules, cost, anesthesia and training time.
METHODS
Between July 2012 and September 2012, 182 earthworms were used for 150 microsurgical trainings to simulate discrepancy microanastomoses. Training was undertaken over 10 weekly periods. Each training session included 15 simulations of microanastomoses performed using the Harashina technique (earthworm diameters >1.5 mm [n=5], between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm [n=5], and <1.0 mm [n=5]). The technique is presented and documented. A linear model with main variable as the number of the week (as a numeric covariate) and the size of the animal (as a factor) was used to determine the trend in time of anastomosis over subsequent weeks as well as differences between the different size groups.
RESULTS
The linear model showed a significant trend (P<0.001) in time of anastomosis in the course of the training, as well as significant differences (P<0.001) between the groups of animal of different sizes. For diameter >1.5 mm, mean anastomosis time decreased from 19.6±1.9 min to 12.6±0.7 min between the first and last week of training. For training involving smaller diameters, the results showed a reduction in execution time of 36.1% (P<0.01) (diameter between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm) and 40.6% (P<0.01) (diameter <1.0 mm) between the first and last weeks. The study demonstrates an improvement in the dexterity and speed of nodes' execution.
CONCLUSION
The earthworm appears to be a reliable experimental model for microsurgical training of discrepancy microanastomoses. Its numerous advantages, as discussed in the present report, show that this model of training will significantly grow and develop in the near future.
PubMed: 25789274
DOI: No ID Found -
Pathophysiology : the Official Journal... Dec 2022Previous studies suggest that the endothelial glycocalyx adds to vascular resistance, inhibits thrombosis, and is critical for regulating homogeneous blood flow and...
PURPOSE
Previous studies suggest that the endothelial glycocalyx adds to vascular resistance, inhibits thrombosis, and is critical for regulating homogeneous blood flow and ensuring uniform red blood cell (RBC) distribution. However, these functions and consequences of the glycocalyx have not been examined in the retina. We hypothesize that the endothelial glycocalyx is a critical regulator of retinal hemodynamics and perfusion and decreases the propensity for retinal thrombus formation.
METHODS
Hyaluronidase and heparinase, which are endothelial glycocalyx-degrading enzymes, were infused into mice. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (2000 kDa) was injected to measure lumen diameter, while RBC velocity and distribution were measured using fluorescently labeled RBCs. The diameters and velocities were used to calculate retinal blood flow and shear rates. Mean circulation time was calculated by measuring the difference between arteriolar and venular mean transit times. Rose Bengal dye was infused, followed by illumination with a green light to induce thrombosis.
RESULTS
The acute infusion of hyaluronidase and heparinase led to significant increases in both arteriolar (7%) and venular (16%) diameters in the retina, with a tendency towards increased arteriolar velocity. In addition, the degradation caused a significant decrease in the venular shear rate (14%). The enzyme infusion resulted in substantial increases in total retinal blood flow (26%) and retinal microhematocrit but no changes in the mean circulation time through the retina. We also observed an enhanced propensity for retinal thrombus formation with the removal of the glycocalyx.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that acute degradation of the glycocalyx can cause significant changes in retinal hemodynamics, with increases in vessel diameter, blood flow, microhematocrit, pro-thrombotic conditions, and decreases in venular shear rate.
PubMed: 36548208
DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29040052 -
International Ophthalmology Feb 2022To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
AIM
To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
METHODS
This study included 58 COVID-19 cases (mean age 47.23 ± 1.1 years). The scotopic, mesopic and photopic diameters were noted. Pupil diameters were noted at the 0, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds in reflex pupil dilation after the termination of a light. The average dilation speed was calculated at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds. Pupil responses measured during COVID-19 infection and 3 months later were compared.
RESULTS
The mean scotopic and mesopic pupil diameter value of during COVID-19 infection was found lower than the 3rd month post-infection. (p = 0.001, p = 0.023; respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in the mean photopic pupil diameter and the mean pupil diameter at 0 s between measurements (p > 0.05, p = 0.734; respectively). The mean pupil diameter was significantly lower during COVID-19 infection at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th seconds (p < 0.01, for each). The average dilation speed measurements at every second measured were lower in during COVID-19 infection than the 3rd months later (p = 0.001; p < 0.01 for each).
CONCLUSIONS
Pupil responses were found significantly different in COVID-19 cases when compared with the measurements taken three months later.
Topics: COVID-19; Color Vision; Humans; Middle Aged; Pupil; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34613562
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02053-z -
Journal of Personalized Medicine May 2022To investigate the association between Aorta (Ao), pulmonary artery (PA) diameters and the PA/Ao ratio with right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) volumetric properties in...
To investigate the association between Aorta (Ao), pulmonary artery (PA) diameters and the PA/Ao ratio with right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) volumetric properties in subjects free of cardiovascular diseases. In the KORA-MRI study, 339 subjects (mean age 56.3 ± 9.1 years; 43.7% female) underwent whole-body 3T-MRI. Ao and PA were measured on DIXON sequences. Cvi42 quantified cardiac functional parameters from a SSFP sequence. The relationship between ascending (AAo), and descending aorta (DAo), as well as PA diameters, and RV and LV function were assessed using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors. AAo and DAo diameter were associated with LV end-diastolic volume (β = 4.52, = 0.015; ß = 7.1, ≤ 0.001), LV end-systolic volume (β = 2.37, = 0.031; ß = 3.66, = 0.002), while DAo associated with RV end-diastolic volume (β = 6.45, = 0.006) and RV end-systolic volume (β = 3.9, = 0.011). PA diameter was associated with LV end-diastolic volume (β = 4.81, = 0.003). Interestingly, the PA/Ao ratio was only associated with RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume (β = 4.48, = 0.029; ß = 2.82, = 0.037). Furthermore, we found different relationships between men and women. Ao and PA diameter were associated with LV and RV volumetric parameters in subjects free of cardiovascular diseases suggesting that ventricular volumetric performance directly relates to vascular diameter properties.
PubMed: 35743674
DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060889 -
Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic... Mar 2022Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for...
OBJECTIVES
Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for normal diameters, define PA aneurysms, possible predictors of PA size and evaluate the correlation with mid-ascending aortic diameters.
METHODS
Between April 2018 and August 2019, 497 consecutive patients who underwent whole-body computed tomographic angiography were reviewed. Clinical and imaging data were collected from our institutional database. Precise three-dimensional centreline measurements were taken. Linear regression analysis was performed to detect parameters associated with PA diameter. A two-stage model was created to identify potential predictors and the resulting statistically significant interactions were tested. Data were grouped and PA, standard deviation, and upper normal limits were calculated.
RESULTS
Among 497 patients with an average age of 51.4 (20.2) (74.6% males), the mean PA diameter measured 32.0 (4.6) mm [female: 31.2 (4.7) mm vs male: 32.2 (4.5) mm; P = 0.032]. The mean PA length, left PA and right PA diameters were similar between male and female patients. We found a significant correlation (r = 0.352; P < 0.001) between the PAs and mid-ascending aortic diameters. Body surface area (P = 0.032, β = 4.52 [0.40; 8.64] 95% CI) was the only significant influencing variable for PA diameter.
CONCLUSIONS
The normal mean PA diameter in a reference cohort is 32.0 (4.6) mm. Body surface area is the only influencing variable of PA diameter. The normal diameters measured and corresponding upper limits of normal revealed that a PA aneurysm should not be considered below a threshold of 45 mm.
Topics: Angiography; Computed Tomography Angiography; Female; Humans; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Artery; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34791257
DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivab308 -
BMC Medical Imaging Dec 2022Ultrasound imaging is used for diagnosis, treatment, and blood vessel visualization during venous catheter placement. However, various physiological factors (e.g., body...
BACKGROUND
Ultrasound imaging is used for diagnosis, treatment, and blood vessel visualization during venous catheter placement. However, various physiological factors (e.g., body temperature and exercise) influence vein diameters, which are expected to exhibit daily or diurnal fluctuations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the intraday (short-term) and interday (long-term) reproducibility of repeated measurements of the depth and diameter of peripheral superficial veins.
METHODS
Twenty-three healthy young women (mean age, 21.7 ± 0.8 years) participated in the study to examine the short- and long-term reproducibility of the depth and diameter of the cutaneous vein in the left elbow fossa acquired by ultrasound imaging. Short-term measurement intervals were 10 s, and the probe was released from the skin for each acquisition, which was repeated five consecutive times. Long-term measurements were performed at the same time on the next day following the same procedure. The acquired images were analyzed for vein depth and diameter using ImageJ software. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine the short- and long-term reproducibility of the measurements. The relationship between the venous depth and venous diameter intra-individual variation was analyzed, as well as the influence of body composition (body fat and muscle mass) on the venous diameter and depth.
RESULTS
For vein depth measurements, the short- and long-term ICCs were 0.94-0.96 and 0.88, respectively. For the vein diameter, the short- and long-term ICCs were 0.94-0.97 and 0.67, respectively. The short-term ICCs for both vein depth and diameter exceeded 0.9, indicating that the ultrasound vascular measurement was sufficiently reliable. However, long-term reproducibility was slightly lower, especially for the vein diameter. No correlation was found between the intra-individual variation of the vein diameter and vein depth. Although the vein diameter and body fat mass uncorrelated, the vein depth and body fat mass significantly correlated (r = 0.675, 95% confidence interval = 0.281-0.830).
CONCLUSIONS
The long-term reproducibility of vein diameters was somewhat lower than that of the short-term reproducibility. This could be attributed to fluctuations in the physiological state of the participant rather than to the instability of the measurement. Therefore, ultrasound measurement of the peripheral superficial vein is sufficiently reliable.
Topics: Humans; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Reproducibility of Results; Ultrasonography; Adipose Tissue; Angiography; Body Composition
PubMed: 36461013
DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00945-9 -
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Jan 2022While distal radial artery (DRA) access is increasingly being used for diagnostic coronary angiography, limited information is available regarding DRA size. We aimed to...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
While distal radial artery (DRA) access is increasingly being used for diagnostic coronary angiography, limited information is available regarding DRA size. We aimed to determine the DRA reference diameters of Korean patients and identify the predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm.
METHODS
The outer bilateral DRA diameters were assessed using a linear ultrasound probe in 1,162 consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The DRA diameter was measured by the perpendicular angle in the dorsum of the hand, and the average values were compared by sex. DRA diameter < 2.3 mm was defined as unsuitable for routine diagnostic coronary angiography using a 5 Fr introducer sheath.
RESULTS
The mean DRA diameters were 2.31 ± 0.43 mm (right) and 2.35 ± 0.45 mm (left). The DRA was smaller in women than men (right: 2.15 ± 0.38 mm vs. 2.43 ± 0.44 mm, p < 0.001; left: 2.18 ± 0.39 mm vs. 2.47 ± 0.45 mm, p < 0.001). The DRA diameter was approximately 20% smaller than the radial artery diameter. A total of 630 (54.2%) and 574 (49.4%) patients had DRA diameter < 2.3 mm in the right and left hands, respectively. Female sex, low body mass index (BMI), and low body surface area (BSA) were significant predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm.
CONCLUSION
We provided reference DRA diameters for Korean patients. Approximately 50% of the studied patients had DRA diameter < 2.3 mm. Female sex, low BMI, and low BSA remained significant predictors of DRA diameter < 2.3 mm.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Coronary Angiography; Female; Hand; Humans; Male; Radial Artery; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35000375
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.685 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2022We aimed to determine whether retinal vessel diameters and retinal oxygen saturation in newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are different from those...
We aimed to determine whether retinal vessel diameters and retinal oxygen saturation in newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are different from those of a healthy population. Retinal blood vessel diameters were measured using imaging with a spectrophotometric non-invasive retinal oximeter. Twenty-three newly diagnosed untreated relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients (mean age: 32.2 ± 7.5 years, age range = 18-50 years, 56.5% female) were measured and compared to 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) (mean age: 34.8 ± 8.1 years). Patients with Optic Neuritis were excluded. Retinal venular diameter (143.8 µm versus 157.8 µm: mean; = 0.0013) and retinal arteriolar diameter (112.6 µm versus 120.6 µm: mean; = 0.0089) were smaller in pwMS when compared with HCs, respectively. There was no significant difference in the oxygen saturation in retinal venules and arterioles in pwMS (mean: 60.0% and 93.7%; = 0.5980) compared to HCs (mean: 59.3% and 91.5%; = 0.8934), respectively. There was a significant difference in the median low contrast visual acuity (2.5% contrast) between the pwMS and the HC groups ( = 0.0143) Retinal arteriolar and venular diameter may have potential as objective biomarkers for MS.
PubMed: 35683496
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113109 -
SAGE Open Medicine 2022Activities that require increased load bearing are known to cause bony hypertrophy. This phenomenon has been documented in the dominant arm of athletes in sports...
OBJECTIVE
Activities that require increased load bearing are known to cause bony hypertrophy. This phenomenon has been documented in the dominant arm of athletes in sports requiring significant utilization of a single limb. The literature addressing this effect in rodeo athletes, however, is minimal. Studies evaluating rodeo athletes are primarily focused on acute injury management rather than chronic symptoms resulting from changes in bone and soft tissue. We designed a study to evaluate bony hypertrophy in athletes without acute injury.
METHOD
Rodeo bareback riders presented with frequent pain in their grip arm, no radiographic evidence of injury, and clinical signs of peripheral nerve compression. Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays taken for initial evaluation in 17 bareback rodeo athletes were retrospectively reviewed. The diameter of bilateral ulnas was measured at its longitudinal midpoint. Ratio of Ulnar Diameters (grip arm/free arm) and Percentage Diameter Difference were calculated. An independent samples -test was used to assess differences in diameters of grip and non-grip arms.
RESULT
The mean ulnar diameter was 18.4 ± 3.5 in the grip arm and 16.6 ± 3.5 in the non-grip arm ( < 0.001). The mean ratio of grip to free arm ulnar diameter was 1.42 ± 0.21 (range = 1.05-1.92). The mean diameter percent difference measured 42.3% (range = 4.7%-92.0%), and the grip arm was observed to have a greater ulnar diameter compared to the non-grip arm.
CONCLUSION
There are significant anatomic differences in the grip arm of bareback rodeo athletes compared to the contralateral arm. In cases of persistent pain in the grip arm and no evidence of acute injury, these differences may be relevant to pain symptoms and should be considered as part of the assessment and treatment algorithm.
PubMed: 35223028
DOI: 10.1177/20503121221077831