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Journal of Agricultural and Food... Apr 2022The leaves of plants are colonized by various microorganisms. In comparison to the rhizosphere, less is known about the characteristics and ecological functions of... (Review)
Review
The leaves of plants are colonized by various microorganisms. In comparison to the rhizosphere, less is known about the characteristics and ecological functions of phyllosphere microorganisms. Phyllosphere microorganisms mainly originate from soil, air, and seeds. The composition of phyllosphere microorganisms is mainly affected by ecological and abiotic factors. Phyllosphere microorganisms execute multiple ecological functions by influencing leaf functions and longevity, seed mass, fruit development, and homeostasis of host growth. A plant can respond to phyllosphere microorganisms by secondary metabolite secretion and its immune system. Meanwhile, phyllosphere microorganisms play an important role in ecological stability and environmental safety assessment. However, as a result of the instability of the phyllosphere environment and the poor cultivability of phyllosphere microorganisms in the current research, there are still many limitations, such as the lack of insight into the mechanisms of plant-microorganism interactions, the roles of phyllosphere microorganisms in plant growth processes, the responses of phyllosphere microorganisms to plant metabolites, etc. This review summarizes the latest progress made in the research of the phyllosphere in recent years. This is beneficial for deepening our understanding of phyllosphere microorganisms and promoting the research of plant-atmosphere interactions, plant pathogens, and plant biological control.
Topics: Microbiota; Plant Leaves; Plants; Rhizosphere; Soil; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 35435673
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01113 -
Insects Nov 2022Olfaction plays an essential role in various insect behaviors, including habitat selection, access to food, avoidance of predators, inter-species communication,... (Review)
Review
Olfaction plays an essential role in various insect behaviors, including habitat selection, access to food, avoidance of predators, inter-species communication, aggregation, and reproduction. The olfactory process involves integrating multiple signals from external conditions and internal physiological states, including living environments, age, physiological conditions, and circadian rhythms. As microorganisms and insects form tight interactions, the behaviors of insects are constantly challenged by versatile microorganisms via olfactory cues. To better understand the microbial influences on insect behaviors via olfactory cues, this paper summarizes three different ways in which microorganisms modulate insect behaviors. Here, we deciphered three interesting aspects of microorganisms-contributed olfaction: (1) How do volatiles emitted by microorganisms affect the behaviors of insects? (2) How do microorganisms reshape the behaviors of insects by inducing changes in the synthesis of host volatiles? (3) How do symbiotic microorganisms act on insects by modulating behaviors?
PubMed: 36555004
DOI: 10.3390/insects13121094 -
Theranostics 2022The occurrence of microorganisms has been confirmed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of many different organs. Microorganisms (e.g., phage, virus, bacteria, fungi,... (Review)
Review
The occurrence of microorganisms has been confirmed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of many different organs. Microorganisms (e.g., phage, virus, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) present in TME modulate TME to inhibit or promote tumor growth in species-dependent manners due to the special physiological and pathological features of each microorganism. Such microorganism-TME interactions have recently been emulated to turn microorganisms into powerful cancer theranostic agents. To facilitate scientists to explore microorganisms-TME interactions further to develop improved cancer theranostics, here we critically review the characteristics of different microorganisms that can be found in TME, their interactions with TME, and their current applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Clinical trials of using microorganisms for cancer theranostics are also summarized and discussed. Moreover, the emerging technology of whole-metagenome sequencing that can be employed to precisely determine microbiota spectra is described. Such technology enables scientists to gain an in-depth understanding of the species and distributions of microorganisms in TME. Therefore, scientists now have new tools to identify microorganisms (either naturally present in or introduced into TME) that can be used as effective probes, monitors, vaccines, or drugs for potentially advancing cancer theranostics to clinical applications.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35401838
DOI: 10.7150/thno.70719 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Jun 2015Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease in the USA where it is a leading cause of illness and death. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause for heart attack... (Review)
Review
Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease in the USA where it is a leading cause of illness and death. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause for heart attack and stroke. Most commonly, people develop atherosclerosis as a result of diabetes, genetic risk factors, high blood pressure, a high-fat diet, obesity, high blood cholesterol levels, and smoking. However, a sizable number of patients suffering from atherosclerosis do not harbor the classical risk factors. Ongoing infections have been suggested to play a role in this process. Periodontal disease is perhaps the most common chronic infection in adults with a wide range of clinical variability and severity. Research in the past decade has shed substantial light on both the initiating infectious agents and host immunological responses in periodontal disease. Up to 46% of the general population harbors the microorganism(s) associated with periodontal disease, although many are able to limit the progression of periodontal disease or even clear the organism(s) if infected. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have found an association between periodontal infection and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on exploring the molecular consequences of infection by pathogens that exacerbate atherosclerosis, with the focus on infections by the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis as a running example.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 25388989
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12087 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2023
PubMed: 36714005
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1137341 -
Journal of Industrial Microbiology &... Jan 2017Production of biochemicals by industrial fermentation using microorganisms requires maintaining cellular production capacity, because maximal productivity is... (Review)
Review
Production of biochemicals by industrial fermentation using microorganisms requires maintaining cellular production capacity, because maximal productivity is economically important. High-productivity microbial strains can be developed using static engineering, but these may not maintain maximal productivity throughout the culture period as culture conditions and cell states change dynamically. Additionally, economic reasons limit heterologous protein expression using inducible promoters to prevent metabolic burden for commodity chemical and biofuel production. Recently, synthetic and systems biology has been used to design genetic circuits, precisely controlling gene expression or influencing genetic behavior toward a desired phenotype. Development of dynamic regulators can maintain cellular phenotype in a maximum production state in response to factors including cell concentration, oxygen, temperature, pH, and metabolites. Herein, we introduce dynamic regulators of industrial microorganism optimization and discuss metabolic flux fine control by dynamic regulators in response to metabolites or extracellular stimuli, robust production systems, and auto-induction systems using quorum sensing.
Topics: Biofuels; Gene Expression; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Industrial Microbiology; Metabolic Engineering; Oxygen; Phenotype; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Quorum Sensing; Synthetic Biology; Systems Biology; Temperature
PubMed: 27832388
DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1867-y -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018Microorganisms play a major role in biogeochemical cycles. As such they are attractive candidates for developing new or improving existing biotechnological applications,... (Review)
Review
Microorganisms play a major role in biogeochemical cycles. As such they are attractive candidates for developing new or improving existing biotechnological applications, in order to deal with the accumulation and pollution of organic and inorganic compounds. Their ability to participate in bioremediation processes mainly depends on their capacity to metabolize toxic elements and catalyze reactions resulting in, for example, precipitation, biotransformation, dissolution, or sequestration. The contribution of genomics may be of prime importance to a thorough understanding of these metabolisms and the interactions of microorganisms with pollutants at the level of both single species and microbial communities. Such approaches should pave the way for the utilization of microorganisms to design new, efficient and environmentally sound remediation strategies, as exemplified by the case of arsenic contamination, which has been declared as a major risk for human health in various parts of the world.
PubMed: 29755441
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00820 -
International Journal of Bioprinting 2019The study of biodiversity, growth, development, and metabolism of cultivated microorganisms is an integral part of modern microbiological, biotechnological, and medical... (Review)
Review
The study of biodiversity, growth, development, and metabolism of cultivated microorganisms is an integral part of modern microbiological, biotechnological, and medical research. Such studies require the development of new methods of isolation, cultivation, manipulation, and study of individual bacterial cells and their consortia. To this end, in recent years, there has been an active development of different isolation and three-dimensional cell positioning methods. In this review, the optical tweezers, surface heterogeneous functionalization, multiphoton lithography, microfluidic techniques, and laser printing are reviewed. Laser printing is considered as one of the most promising techniques and is discussed in detail.
PubMed: 32596530
DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i1.165 -
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental... Oct 2019Microorganisms often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, from lakes and oceans to soil and the human body. Bacteria and plankton experience a broad range of... (Review)
Review
Microorganisms often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, from lakes and oceans to soil and the human body. Bacteria and plankton experience a broad range of flows, from the chaotic motion characteristic of turbulence to smooth flows at boundaries and in confined environments. Flow creates forces and torques that affect the movement, behavior, and spatial distribution of microorganisms and shapes the chemical landscape on which they rely for nutrient acquisition and communication. Methodological advances and closer interactions between physicists and biologists have begun to reveal the importance of flow-microorganism interactions and the adaptations of microorganisms to flow. Here we review selected examples of such interactions from bacteria, phytoplankton, larvae, and zooplankton. We hope that this article will serve as a blueprint for a more in-depth consideration of the effects of flow in the biology of microorganisms and that this discussion will stimulate further multidisciplinary effort in understanding this important component of microorganism habitats.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Biomechanical Phenomena; Invertebrates; Plankton; Quorum Sensing; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 31412210
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125119 -
Biomaterials Translational 2022Microorganisms with innate and artificial advantages have been regarded as intelligent drug delivery systems for cancer therapy with the help of engineering technology.... (Review)
Review
Microorganisms with innate and artificial advantages have been regarded as intelligent drug delivery systems for cancer therapy with the help of engineering technology. Although numerous studies have confirmed the promising prospects of microorganisms in cancer, several problems such as immunogenicity and toxicity should be addressed before further clinical applications. This review aims to investigate the development of engineered microorganism-based delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy. The main types of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, microalgae, and their components and characteristics are introduced in detail. Moreover, the engineering strategies and biomaterials design of microorganisms are further discussed. Most importantly, we discuss the innovative attempts and therapeutic effects of engineered microorganisms in cancer. Taken together, engineered microorganism-based delivery systems hold tremendous promise for biomedical applications in targeted cancer therapy.
PubMed: 36654778
DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.03.004