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Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires Sep 2023In health care, measures against cross-transmission of microorganisms are codified by standard precautions, and if necessary, they are supplemented by additional... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
In health care, measures against cross-transmission of microorganisms are codified by standard precautions, and if necessary, they are supplemented by additional precautions.
STATE OF THE ART
Several factors impact transmission of microorganisms via the respiratory route: size and quantity of the emitted particles, environmental conditions, nature and pathogenicity of the microorganisms, and degree of host receptivity. While some microorganisms necessitate additional airborne or droplet precautions, others do not.
PROSPECTS
For most microorganisms, transmission patterns are well-understood and transmission-based precautions are well-established. For others, measures to prevent cross-transmission in healthcare facilities remain under discussion.
CONCLUSIONS
Standard precautions are essential to the prevention of microorganism transmission. Understanding of the modalities of microorganism transmission is essential to implementation of additional transmission-based precautions, particularly in view of opting for appropriate respiratory protection.
Topics: Humans; Cross Infection; Infection Control; Respiratory Tract Infections; Delivery of Health Care
PubMed: 37365075
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.05.001 -
Mycobiology Sep 2020This study was conducted to understand the dynamics of microbial communities of soil microorganisms, and their distribution and abundance in the indigenous...
This study was conducted to understand the dynamics of microbial communities of soil microorganisms, and their distribution and abundance in the indigenous microorganisms (IMOs) manipulated from humus collected from the forest near the crop field. The soil microorganisms originated from humus and artificially cultured microbial-based soil amendments were characterized by molecular and biochemical analyses. The bacterial population (2 × 10∼13 × 10 CFU/g sample) was approximately 100-fold abundant than the fungal population (2 × 10∼8 × 10 CFU/g sample). The 16S rDNA and ITS sequence analyses showed that the bacterial and fungal communities in humus and IMOs were mainly composed of and , and and species, respectively. Some of the bacterial isolates from the humus and IMOs showed strong inhibitory activity against soil-borne pathogenic fungi and . These bacteria also showed the siderophore production activity as well as phosphate solubilizing activity, which are requisite traits for biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. These results suggest that humus and IMOs could be a useful resource for sustainable agriculture.
PubMed: 33177918
DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1816154 -
Metabolic Engineering Communications Dec 2022Hemicellulose is the second most abundant carbohydrate in lignocellulosic biomass and has extensive applications. In conventional biomass refinery, hemicellulose is... (Review)
Review
Hemicellulose is the second most abundant carbohydrate in lignocellulosic biomass and has extensive applications. In conventional biomass refinery, hemicellulose is easily converted to unwanted by-products in pretreatment and therefore can't be fully utilized. The present study aims to summarize the most recent development of lignocellulosic polysaccharide degradation and fully convert it to value-added bioproducts through microbial and enzymatic catalysis. Firstly, bioprocess and microbial metabolic engineering for enhanced utilization of lignocellulosic carbohydrates were discussed. The bioprocess for degradation and conversion of natural lignocellulose to monosaccharides and organic acids using anaerobic thermophilic bacteria and thermostable glycoside hydrolases were summarized. Xylose transmembrane transporting systems in natural microorganisms and the latest strategies for promoting the transporting capacity by metabolic engineering were summarized. The carbon catabolite repression effect restricting xylose utilization in microorganisms, and metabolic engineering strategies developed for co-utilization of glucose and xylose were discussed. Secondly, the metabolic pathways of xylose catabolism in microorganisms were comparatively analyzed. Microbial metabolic engineering for converting xylose to value-added bioproducts based on redox pathways, non-redox pathways, pentose phosphate pathway, and improving inhibitors resistance were summarized. Thirdly, strategies for degrading lignocellulosic polysaccharides and fully converting hemicellulose to value-added bioproducts through microbial metabolic engineering were proposed.
PubMed: 36311477
DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00211 -
Neurologia Sep 2023Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 7 million people worldwide. Its aetiology is unknown, although the hypothesis of a... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 7 million people worldwide. Its aetiology is unknown, although the hypothesis of a genetic susceptibility to environmental agents is accepted. These environmental agents include fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Three microorganisms are directly associated with a significantly increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease: the fungal genus Malassezia, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, and the hepatitis C virus. If the host is vulnerable due to genetic susceptibility or immune weakness, these microorganisms can access and infect the nervous system, causing chronic neuroinflammation with neurodegeneration. Other microorganisms show an epidemiological association with the disease, including the influenza type A, Japanese encephalitis type B, St Louis, and West Nile viruses. These viruses can affect the nervous system, causing encephalitis, which can result in parkinsonism. This article reviews the role of all these microorganisms in Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Encephalitis; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 35644845
DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.08.023 -
Micromachines May 2022The photocatalytic material-microorganism hybrid system is an interdisciplinary research field. It has the potential to synthesize various biocompounds by using solar... (Review)
Review
The photocatalytic material-microorganism hybrid system is an interdisciplinary research field. It has the potential to synthesize various biocompounds by using solar energy, which brings new hope for sustainable green energy development. Many valuable reviews have been published in this field. However, few reviews have comprehensively summarized the combination methods of various photocatalytic materials and microorganisms. In this critical review, we classified the biohybrid designs of photocatalytic materials and microorganisms, and we summarized the advantages and disadvantages of various photocatalytic material/microorganism combination systems. Moreover, we introduced their possible applications, future challenges, and an outlook for future developments.
PubMed: 35744475
DOI: 10.3390/mi13060861 -
Natural Product Reports Jan 2022Covering: 1877 to 2020A key challenge in natural products research is the selection of biodiversity to yield novel chemistry. Recently, marine microorganisms have become... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Covering: 1877 to 2020A key challenge in natural products research is the selection of biodiversity to yield novel chemistry. Recently, marine microorganisms have become a preferred source. But how novel are marine microorganism natural products compared to those reported from terrestrial microbes? Cluster analysis of chemical fingerprints and molecular scaffold analysis of 55 817 compounds reported from marine and terrestrial microorganisms, and marine macro-organisms showed that 76.7% of the compounds isolated from marine microorganisms are closely related to compounds isolated from terrestrial microorganisms. Only 14.3% of marine microorganism natural products are unique when marine macro-organism natural products are also considered. Studies targeting marine specific and understudied microbial phyla result in a higher likelihood of finding marine specific compounds, whereas the depth and geographic location of microorganism collection have little influence. We recommend marine targeted strain isolation, incorporating early use of genomic sequencing to guide strain selection, innovation in culture media and cultivation techniques and the application of cheminformatics tools to focus on unique natural product diversity, rather than the dereplication of known compounds.
Topics: Aquatic Organisms; Biodiversity; Biological Products; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 34651634
DOI: 10.1039/d1np00051a -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022
PubMed: 35509318
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901161 -
Heliyon Dec 2022is an intestinal protist that presents worldwide distribution, colonizes animal and human hosts, and is classified into at least 34 ribosomal subtypes (STs). Herein, we...
is an intestinal protist that presents worldwide distribution, colonizes animal and human hosts, and is classified into at least 34 ribosomal subtypes (STs). Herein, we conducted an update based on studies reporting -positive samples obtained from diverse hosts in the Americas. We described the distribution throughout the continent by assembling maps representing the distribution of STs and the most important 18S-rRNA alleles. Thirty-nine articles from the previous study, "A summary of subtypes in North and South America," and forty-one additional articles from March 2019 to March 2022 were considered. The most common subtype described was ST3, representing the highest percentage of positive samples. Other recently identified STs include ST12, ST13, and ST16 in humans, and ST10, ST14, and ST17 in animals. Novel subtypes have also been described in this continent. We assembled and updated the distribution of in the Americas. We hope this delivers new understandings and knowledge of this microorganism's prevalence and genetic diversity.
PubMed: 36619449
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12592 -
Microbial Ecology Nov 2019Geochemical cycles result in the chemical, physical, and mineralogical modification of rocks, eventually leading to formation of soil. However, when the stones and rocks... (Review)
Review
Geochemical cycles result in the chemical, physical, and mineralogical modification of rocks, eventually leading to formation of soil. However, when the stones and rocks are a part of historic buildings and monuments, the effects are deleterious. In addition, microorganisms also colonize these monuments over a period of time, resulting in formation of biofilms; their metabolites lead to physical weakening and discoloration of stone eventually. This process, known as biodeterioration, leads to a significant loss of cultural heritage. For formulating effective conservation strategies to prevent biodeterioration and restore monuments, it is important to know which microorganisms are colonizing the substrate and the different energy sources they consume to sustain themselves. With this view in scope, this review focuses on studies that have attempted to understand the process of biodeterioration, the mechanisms by which they colonize and affect the monuments, the techniques used for assessment of biodeterioration, and conservation strategies that aim to preserve the original integrity of the monuments. This review also includes the "omics" technologies that have started playing a large role in elucidating the nature of microorganisms, and how they can play a role in hastening the formulation of effective conservation strategies.
Topics: Architecture; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Construction Materials; Microbiota
PubMed: 31025063
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01366-y -
Marine Drugs Sep 2016Marine microorganisms produce a series of promising enzymes that have been widely used or are potentially valuable for our daily life. Both classic and newly developed... (Review)
Review
Marine microorganisms produce a series of promising enzymes that have been widely used or are potentially valuable for our daily life. Both classic and newly developed biochemistry technologies have been broadly used to study marine and terrestrial microbiological enzymes. In this brief review, we provide a research update and prospects regarding regulatory mechanisms and related strategies of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) lactonase, which is an important but largely unexplored enzyme. We also detail the status and catalytic mechanism of the main types of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes that broadly exist among marine microorganisms but have been poorly explored. In order to facilitate understanding, the regulatory and synthetic biology strategies of terrestrial microorganisms are also mentioned in comparison. We anticipate that this review will provide an outline of multiple strategies for promising marine microbial enzymes and open new avenues for the exploration, engineering and application of various enzymes.
Topics: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Enzymes; Marine Biology; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 27669268
DOI: 10.3390/md14100171