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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024The family Poxviridae is a large family of viruses with a ubiquitous distribution, subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and... (Review)
Review
The family Poxviridae is a large family of viruses with a ubiquitous distribution, subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects). Only three species from the first subfamily, Orthopoxvirus (OPV), Molluscipoxvirus and Parapoxvirus, can infect the human being. In the paediatric population, viruses belonging to the first two subfamilies have the greatest importance. Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980, vaccination of the general population was discontinued after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. However, nearly all children and most of the world's population had little to no protection against OPV. The aim of this chapter is to review the current evidence on the aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Poxviridae infections in children.
Topics: Humans; Child; Poxviridae Infections; Poxviridae; Child, Preschool; Infant; Animals
PubMed: 38801580
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_13 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus and Monkeypox virus. MCV belongs to the genus Molluscipoxvirus and has a tropism for skin tissue. MCV infects keratinocytes and, after an incubation period of 2 weeks to 6 weeks, causes a breakdown of the skin barrier with the development of papules of variable size depending on the proper functioning of the immune response (both adaptive and acquired). MCV only infects humans and does not cause viraemia. MCV encodes for several inhibitory proteins responsible to circumvent the immune response through different signalling pathways. Individuals who can be infected with MCV are children, immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Current treatments to manage MCV-induced lesions are different and include the use of immunomodulators, which, however, do not provide an effective response.
Topics: Humans; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Molluscum Contagiosum; Animals
PubMed: 38801577
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_10 -
Cutis Nov 2019Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes infection in humans that is limited to the cutis and subcutaneous levels of the skin. The virus is... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes infection in humans that is limited to the cutis and subcutaneous levels of the skin. The virus is transmitted from close associates in settings such as pools, day care, and bathtubs. Pediatric molluscum is common in school-aged children and resolves spontaneously in healthy children. Widespread lesions, complicated by comorbid dermatitis, are expected in children with atopic dermatitis (AD); however, even children without AD can develop dermatitis or signs of inflammation or pruritus. Molluscum is the great mimicker in pediatric dermatology; the morphology of the lesions and overlying rash can make molluscum look polymorphous and similar to other skin illnesses. This article addresses the issue of transmission, course of disease, comorbidities, and therapeutic options, including the gold standard-nonintervention. The decision to intervene is a joint decision among children, parents/guardians, and the practitioner. The first priority should be reduction of symptoms, followed by reduction of spread and then disease remission.
Topics: Child; Dermatitis, Atopic; Humans; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus
PubMed: 31886783
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2019
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Eye Infections, Viral; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Young Adult
PubMed: 31238446
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1808_18 -
Journal of the European Academy of... May 2016Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a high-resolution emerging imaging technique that allows non-invasive diagnosis of several cutaneous disorders. A systematic... (Review)
Review
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a high-resolution emerging imaging technique that allows non-invasive diagnosis of several cutaneous disorders. A systematic review of the literature on the use of RCM for the study of infections and infestations has been performed to evaluate the current use of this technique and its possible future applications in this field. RCM is particularly suitable for the identification of Sarcoptes scabies, Demodex folliculorum, Ixodes, Dermatophytes and Candida species in the clinical practice and for the follow-up after treatment. The cytopathic effect of herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus and molluscipoxvirus is also detectable by this imaging technique even in a pre-vesicular stage. In addition, thanks to its non-invasiveness, RCM allows pathophysiological studies.
Topics: Humans; Microscopy, Confocal; Skin Diseases, Parasitic
PubMed: 26387660
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13254 -
JAMA Dermatology Sep 2016
Topics: Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Physical Examination; Remission, Spontaneous; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 27627044
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2367 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Feb 2017This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental or voluntary (by bioterrorism) reintroduction. Monkeypox and cowpox viruses are considered to be emergent today ; their high risk of dissemination is due to the increase in international transport as well as trends for new animals as pets and the loss of vaccinal protection against smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum (molluscipoxvirus) causes mild infections, is particularly frequent in children ; in adults it is a marker of the risk of sexually transmitted infections and can, in cases with profuse lesions, reveal AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 28406414
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0653 -
Viruses Aug 2017Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication.... (Review)
Review
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: , , and . All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Caspases; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Leporipoxvirus; Molluscipoxvirus; Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Signal Transduction; Viral Proteins; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 28786952
DOI: 10.3390/v9080215 -
Pediatric Dermatology 2015
Review
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Aminoquinolines; Antiviral Agents; Child; Chronic Disease; Cryotherapy; Female; Humans; Imiquimod; Information Dissemination; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Patient Education as Topic; Prognosis; Retinoids; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26584708
DOI: 10.1111/pde.12752 -
Advances in Virus Research 2015Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the causative agent of molluscum contagiosum (MC), the third most common viral skin infection in children, and one of the five most... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the causative agent of molluscum contagiosum (MC), the third most common viral skin infection in children, and one of the five most prevalent skin diseases worldwide. No FDA-approved treatments, vaccines, or commercially available rapid diagnostics for MCV are available. This review discusses several aspects of this medically important virus including: physical properties of MCV, MCV pathogenesis, MCV replication, and immune responses to MCV infection. Sequencing of the MCV genome revealed novel immune evasion molecules which are highlighted here. Special attention is given to the MCV MC159 and MC160 proteins. These proteins are FLIPs with homologs in gamma herpesviruses and in the cell. They are of great interest because each protein regulates apoptosis, NF-κB, and IRF3. However, the mechanism that each protein uses to impart its effects is different. It is important to elucidate how MCV inhibits immune responses; this knowledge contributes to our understanding of viral pathogenesis and also provides new insights into how the immune system neutralizes virus infections.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 25701888
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.11.004