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Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Feb 2017This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental or voluntary (by bioterrorism) reintroduction. Monkeypox and cowpox viruses are considered to be emergent today ; their high risk of dissemination is due to the increase in international transport as well as trends for new animals as pets and the loss of vaccinal protection against smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum (molluscipoxvirus) causes mild infections, is particularly frequent in children ; in adults it is a marker of the risk of sexually transmitted infections and can, in cases with profuse lesions, reveal AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 28406414
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0653 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2019
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Eye Infections, Viral; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Young Adult
PubMed: 31238446
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1808_18 -
Viruses Aug 2017Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication.... (Review)
Review
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: , , and . All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Caspases; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Leporipoxvirus; Molluscipoxvirus; Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Signal Transduction; Viral Proteins; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 28786952
DOI: 10.3390/v9080215 -
Marine Drugs Jul 2015Biodiversity of the marine world is only partially subjected to detailed scientific scrutiny in comparison to terrestrial life. Life in the marine world depends heavily... (Review)
Review
Biodiversity of the marine world is only partially subjected to detailed scientific scrutiny in comparison to terrestrial life. Life in the marine world depends heavily on marine fungi scavenging the oceans of lifeless plants and animals and entering them into the nutrient cycle by. Approximately 150 to 200 new compounds, including alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, polyketides, and aromatic compounds, are identified from marine fungi annually. In recent years, numerous investigations demonstrated the tremendous potential of marine fungi as a promising source to develop new antivirals against different important viruses, including herpes simplex viruses, the human immunodeficiency virus, and the influenza virus. Various genera of marine fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Fusarium were subjected to compound isolation and antiviral studies, which led to an illustration of the strong antiviral activity of a variety of marine fungi-derived compounds. The present review strives to summarize all available knowledge on active compounds isolated from marine fungi with antiviral activity.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Aquatic Organisms; Fungi; HIV; Humans; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Orthomyxoviridae; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Simplexvirus; Tobacco Mosaic Virus
PubMed: 26204947
DOI: 10.3390/md13074520 -
The Journal of General Virology Mar 2021Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family . These include the orthopoxviruses...
Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family . These include the orthopoxviruses vaccinia virus (VACV), horsepoxvirus (HPXV) and cowpoxvirus (CPXV), as well as a potentially novel parapoxvirus and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). However, with the exception of VACV, HPXV and CPXV, the genomic characterization of the causative agents remains largely elusive with only single short genome fragments available. Here we present the first full-length genome sequence of an equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus (EMCLV) directly determined from skin biopsies of a horse with generalized papular dermatitis. Histopathological analysis of the lesions revealed severe epidermal hyperplasia with numerous eosinophilic inclusion bodies within keratinocytes. Virions were detected in the lesions in embedded tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The genome sequence determined by next- and third-generation sequencing comprises 166 843 nt with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3473 nt. Overall, 20 of the predicted 159 ORFs have no equivalents in other poxviruses. Intriguingly, two of these ORFs were identified to encode homologues of mammalian proteins involved in immune signalling pathways, namely (SECTM1) and (IGFLR1), that were not described in any virus family so far. Phylogenetic analysis with all relevant representatives of the suggests that EMCLV should be nominated as a new species within the genus .
Topics: Animals; Female; Genome, Viral; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Horse Diseases; Horses; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Molluscipoxvirus; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections; Skin; Skin Diseases, Viral; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 31922947
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001357 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... Feb 2014Molluscum contagiosum virus is a human and animal dermatotropic pathogen, which causes a severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. MCV belongs to the Poxviridae... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum virus is a human and animal dermatotropic pathogen, which causes a severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. MCV belongs to the Poxviridae family whose members exert immunomodulatory effects on the host antiviral response. Poxviruses interfere with cell signaling pathways that lead to the activation of nuclear factor кB, a pleiotropic transcription factor which is crucial for regulation of the immune response, the cell cycle and apoptosis. In resting cells, NF-κB is present in the cytoplasm, where it is associated with inhibitor κB. Upon stimulation by activators, such as proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial or viral products, the inhibitory protein undergoes phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation. NF-κB, in turn, translocates to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of various genes that are essential for processes mentioned above. Since poxviruses replicate exclusively in the cell cytoplasm, NF-кB became a good target for poxviral immunomodulation. MCV encodes various proteins which interfere with the signaling pathways that lead to the activation of NF-κB. Ligand inhibitor encoded by MCV, MC54, binds interleukin-18 and inhibits interferon-γ production. Other MCV proteins, MC159 and MC160, belong to intracellular inhibitors of NF-κB and are members of viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (vFLIPs). MC159 protein encoded by MCV was shown to inhibit apoptosis of virus-infected cells. Such interactions serve immune evasion and are responsible for the persistence of MCV.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Humans; Immunomodulation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-18; Molluscum contagiosum virus; NF-kappa B; Phosphorylation; Signal Transduction; Transcriptional Activation
PubMed: 24491904
DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1088053 -
British Medical Journal Feb 1968
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Melanesia; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Scotland; United Kingdom
PubMed: 5643712
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Oct 1992
Topics: Humans; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus
PubMed: 1444521
DOI: 10.1136/adc.67.10.1248 -
Viruses Oct 2021Viral skin infections often affect the sports community. The aim of this study was to assess the rates, location sites, and seasons of appearance of common viral...
Viral skin infections often affect the sports community. The aim of this study was to assess the rates, location sites, and seasons of appearance of common viral cutaneous diseases in beach volleyball athletes in Greece. Five hundred and forty-nine beach volleyball athletes participated in this study. The average age was 28.4 years. The viral infections were herpes simplex (type 1), molluscum contagiosum and warts. The measured parameters included: gender, age, the season when athletes may be more susceptible to infections and the location of infection in the body. Practicing information such as the number of training years, number of weekly trainings, and average hours of daily training was also recorded. Incidence rates correlated in relation to age: (a) warts ( < 0.001), molluscum contagiosum ( < 0.001), and herpes simplex ( = 0.001); (b) years of training: warts ( < 0.001), molluscum contagiosum ( < 0.001), and herpes simplex ( = 0.004); (c) average hours of daily training: molluscum contagiosum ( = 0.006) and herpes simplex ( < 0.010). The skin is the largest organ, and the risk of infection should not be underestimated. Prevention, early detection, recognition, and treatment are related to health and athletic performance, but also to the risk of transmission.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Female; Greece; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Phylogeny; Simplexvirus; Skin Diseases; Volleyball; Warts; Young Adult
PubMed: 34834914
DOI: 10.3390/v13112107 -
Viruses Oct 2021Viral infection activates cellular antiviral defenses including programmed cell death (PCD). Many viruses, particularly those of the family, encode cell death...
Viral infection activates cellular antiviral defenses including programmed cell death (PCD). Many viruses, particularly those of the family, encode cell death inhibitors that antagonize different forms of PCD. While some viral inhibitors are broadly active in cells of different species, others have species-specific functions, probably reflecting the co-evolution of the herpesviruses with their respective hosts. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein UL36 is a dual cell death pathway inhibitor. It blocks death receptor-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, and necroptosis by binding to the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein and inducing its degradation. While UL36 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in human and murine cells, the specificity of its necroptosis-inhibiting function has not been investigated. Here we show that UL36 interacts with both human and murine MLKL, but has a higher affinity for human MLKL. When expressed by a recombinant mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), UL36 caused a modest reduction of murine MLKL levels but did not inhibit necroptosis in murine cells. These data suggest that UL36 inhibits necroptosis, but not apoptosis, in a species-specific manner, similar to ICP6 of herpes simplex virus type 1 and MC159 of molluscum contagiosum virus. Species-specific necroptosis inhibition might contribute to the narrow host range of these viruses.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mice; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Muromegalovirus; Necroptosis; Necrosis; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 34834942
DOI: 10.3390/v13112134