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The European Respiratory Journal Sep 2017
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Phenotype
PubMed: 28954776
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01380-2017 -
Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jan 2023Prophylactic efficacy of two different delivery platforms for vaccination against Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) were tested in this study; a subunit and an RNA-based...
Prophylactic efficacy of two different delivery platforms for vaccination against Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) were tested in this study; a subunit and an RNA-based vaccine. The vaccine antigen, ID91, includes four mycobacterial antigens: Rv3619, Rv2389, Rv3478, and Rv1886. We have shown that ID91+GLA-SE is effective against a clinical NTM isolate, M. avium 2-151 smt. Here, we extend these results and show that a heterologous prime/boost strategy with a repRNA-ID91 (replicon RNA) followed by protein ID91+GLA-SE boost is superior to the subunit protein vaccine given as a homologous prime/boost regimen. The repRNA-ID91/ID91+GLA-SE heterologous regimen elicited a higher polyfunctional CD4 T1 immune response when compared to the homologous protein prime/boost regimen. More significantly, among all the vaccine regimens tested only repRNA-ID91/ID91+GLA-SE induced IFN-γ and TNF-secreting CD8 T cells. Furthermore, the repRNA-ID91/ID91+GLA-SE vaccine strategy elicited high systemic proinflammatory cytokine responses and induced strong ID91 and an Ag85B-specific humoral antibody response a pre- and post-challenge with M. avium 2-151 smt. Finally, while all prophylactic prime/boost vaccine regimens elicited a degree of protection in beige mice, the heterologous repRNA-ID91/ID91+GLA-SE vaccine regimen provided greater pulmonary protection than the homologous protein prime/boost regimen. These data indicate that a prophylactic heterologous repRNA-ID91/ID91+GLA-SE vaccine regimen augments immunogenicity and confers protection against M. avium.
Topics: Animals; Mice; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Vaccination; Cytokines; Vaccines, DNA; Immunization, Secondary
PubMed: 36586154
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102302 -
Annals of Agricultural and... Mar 2022The complex (MAC) is a group of acid-resistant bacteria within the Mycobacteriaceae. Their cell walls have a specific structure impervious to many disinfectants.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
The complex (MAC) is a group of acid-resistant bacteria within the Mycobacteriaceae. Their cell walls have a specific structure impervious to many disinfectants. Mycobacteria are widespread in the environment and can also be found in food. This aim of the article is to review the current state of knowledge about the sources of infection, symptoms and treatment of MAC diseases in humans and animals, and summarizes the available methods for identifying the bacteria. It pays a special attention to the zoonotic potential of MAC bacteria and possible routes of transmission between humans and animals, including possible food-borne routes.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE.
MAC bacterial infections occur both in immunocompetent people and those with functional predispositions and compromised immunity, particularly during HIV infection or immunosuppressive treatment. The incidence of MAC infections in humans is growing, with the most common form of infection being pulmonary disease (MTC-PD); however, there are conflicting reports on the role of paratuberculosis (MAP) in the development of Crohn's disease. MAC bacteria can also attack livestock, household pets, and wild animals. Unfortunately, treatment is lengthy and often fails due to microbiological relapse; there is also increasing evidence of MAC bacteria are developing multi-drug resistance.
CONCLUSIONS
Although new antibiotics are being created to inhibit the growth and division of , there is clearly a need for further research into the virulence factors associated with MAC bacteria. Further studies should also examine the role of MAP in the etiopathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
Topics: Animals; Crohn Disease; HIV Infections; Humans; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 35352901
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/136398 -
Journal of Crohn's & Colitis Aug 2021
Topics: Animals; Crohn Disease; Humans; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 33735385
DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab027 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022Civilization factors are responsible for the increasing of human exposure to mycobacteria from environment, water, and food during the last few decades. Urbanization,... (Review)
Review
Civilization factors are responsible for the increasing of human exposure to mycobacteria from environment, water, and food during the last few decades. Urbanization, lifestyle changes and new technologies in the animal and plant industry are involved in frequent contact of people with mycobacteria. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial polygenic disease; its origin is conditioned by the mutual interaction of genetic and other factors. The environmental factors and certain pathogenetic pathways are shared by some immune mediated chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, which are associated with triggers originating mainly from subspecies , an intestinal pathogen which persists in the environment. Type 1 diabetes and some other chronic inflammatory diseases thus pose the global health problem which could be mitigated by measures aimed to decrease the human exposure to this neglected zoonotic mycobacterium.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Intestines; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis
PubMed: 35409018
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073657 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Apr 2022Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are increasing in the USA and have a high cost burden associated with treatment. Thus, it is necessary to understand what...
Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are increasing in the USA and have a high cost burden associated with treatment. Thus, it is necessary to understand what changes could be contributing to this increase in NTM disease rate. Water samples from 40 sites were collected from around the USA. They represented three water types: groundwater disinfected with chlorine and surface water disinfected with chlorine or monochloramine. Two methods, culture and qPCR, were used to measure M. avium and M. intracellulare. Heterotrophic bacteria and NTM counts were also measured. M. avium and M. intracellulare were molecularly detected in 25% (73/292) and 35% (102/292) of samples. The mean concentrations of M. avium and M. intracellulare were 2.8 × 10 and 4.0 × 10 genomic units (GU) L. The Northeast sites had the highest sample positively rate for both M. avium and M. intracellulare. The highest NTM counts and M. avium concentrations were observed in the surface water treated with chloramine. Geographic location and source water/disinfectant type were observed to significantly influence M. avium and M. intracellulare occurrence rates. These studies can help improve public health risk management by balancing disinfectant treatments and diverse microbial loads in drinking water. KEY POINTS: • M. avium (MA) culture rate increased significantly: 1% (1999) to 13%. • Culture versus qPCR method: 13% vs 31% for MA and 6% vs 35% for MI. • The results of each method type tell two different stories of MA and MI occurrence.
Topics: Chlorine; Disinfectants; Drinking Water; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex
PubMed: 35298694
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11849-7 -
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aug 2015Pathologists are frequently involved in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis on conventional biopsies or examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and assisting bronchoscopists... (Review)
Review
Pathologists are frequently involved in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis on conventional biopsies or examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and assisting bronchoscopists when performing bronchial or transbronchial biopsies or transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA)/endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided biopsies of enlarged lymph nodes. Histology generally does not pose difficult tasks in the correct clinical and imaging scenario, but atypical forms of sarcoidosis exist, and in these cases, the diagnosis may become difficult. When faced with granulomas in the lung, the evaluation of their qualitative features, anatomic distribution, and accompanying findings usually allows the pathologist to narrow considerably the differential diagnosis. The final diagnosis always requires the careful integration of the histology with the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings. How robust is the histologic component of the diagnosis varies from case to case, and the pathologist should always clearly discuss this point with the clinician; in general, the weaker the histology is, the stronger should be the clinical-radiologic findings, and vice versa. The differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis includes granulomatous infections, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, several collagen vascular diseases (particularly Sjögren), drug reactions, chronic aspiration, and even diffuse fibrosing diseases. In this review, conventional and unusual histologic findings of pulmonary sarcoidosis are presented, highlighting the role of the pathologist and discussing the main differential diagnoses.
Topics: Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic; Autoimmune Diseases; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Humans; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Mycobacterium avium; Pneumoconiosis; Pneumocystis carinii; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 25762348
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8479-6 -
Future Microbiology Jul 2021is an emerging opportunistic pathogen, globally. Infections caused by are laborious to treat and could result in drug resistance. This review discusses the importance... (Review)
Review
is an emerging opportunistic pathogen, globally. Infections caused by are laborious to treat and could result in drug resistance. This review discusses the importance of many factors including the cell wall in pathogenesis, since this unique structure modulates the pathogen's ability to thrive in various hosts and environmental niches including conferring resistance to killing by antimicrobials. More research efforts in future are solicited to develop novel therapeutics targeting . The complete eradication of infection in immunocompromised individuals would need a deeper understanding of the source of infection, unique underlying mechanisms and its uncharacterized pathways. This could, perhaps in future, hold the key to target and treat more effectively.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Cell Wall; Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 34227394
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0016 -
Medicina Clinica Nov 2021
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Coinfection; Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Talaromyces
PubMed: 33766418
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.12.026 -
The Journal of Dairy Research Nov 2022Preservation of colostrum for neonatal dairy calves has seldom been seldom in recent years, much of the peer reviewed literature having been published in the 1970s and... (Review)
Review
Preservation of colostrum for neonatal dairy calves has seldom been seldom in recent years, much of the peer reviewed literature having been published in the 1970s and 1980s. First milking colostrum is high in bioactive immune enhancers such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrins, lysozymes and cytokines and is vital to confer passive immunity to newborn dairy calves to promote their health, welfare and future productivity. Bovine colostrum is advisedly restricted from the bulk milk supply for the first 8 milkings post calving due to high somatic cell counts and the risk of antimicrobial residues. As such, many producers refer to 'colostrum' as not only the first milking post calving, but also the aformentioned 'transition' milk. Colostrum is preserved in order to protect supply for feeding when production may be poor or where there is a glut of colostrum such as in seasonal calving systems. There are multiple reasons for newborn calves not to have access to their dam's colostrum, including multiple births, acute mastitis or maladapted maternal behaviour, especially in first lactation heifers. Shortages in colostrum may also be precipitated by purposeful discarding of colostrum from cows infected with subsp and . Broadly, colostrum may be preserved using low temperature (refrigeration or freezing) or chemical preservatives. The aim of this scoping review article was to identify options for preservation and gaps in research and to propose best practice for colostrum preservation.
Topics: Pregnancy; Cattle; Animals; Female; Milk; Colostrum; Lactation; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Mycoplasma bovis
PubMed: 36408678
DOI: 10.1017/S0022029922000711