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The European Respiratory Journal Sep 2017
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Phenotype
PubMed: 28954776
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01380-2017 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Apr 2022Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are increasing in the USA and have a high cost burden associated with treatment. Thus, it is necessary to understand what...
Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are increasing in the USA and have a high cost burden associated with treatment. Thus, it is necessary to understand what changes could be contributing to this increase in NTM disease rate. Water samples from 40 sites were collected from around the USA. They represented three water types: groundwater disinfected with chlorine and surface water disinfected with chlorine or monochloramine. Two methods, culture and qPCR, were used to measure M. avium and M. intracellulare. Heterotrophic bacteria and NTM counts were also measured. M. avium and M. intracellulare were molecularly detected in 25% (73/292) and 35% (102/292) of samples. The mean concentrations of M. avium and M. intracellulare were 2.8 × 10 and 4.0 × 10 genomic units (GU) L. The Northeast sites had the highest sample positively rate for both M. avium and M. intracellulare. The highest NTM counts and M. avium concentrations were observed in the surface water treated with chloramine. Geographic location and source water/disinfectant type were observed to significantly influence M. avium and M. intracellulare occurrence rates. These studies can help improve public health risk management by balancing disinfectant treatments and diverse microbial loads in drinking water. KEY POINTS: • M. avium (MA) culture rate increased significantly: 1% (1999) to 13%. • Culture versus qPCR method: 13% vs 31% for MA and 6% vs 35% for MI. • The results of each method type tell two different stories of MA and MI occurrence.
Topics: Chlorine; Disinfectants; Drinking Water; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex
PubMed: 35298694
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11849-7 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018subsp. is responsible for paratuberculosis in animals. This disease, leading to an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, has a high impact on animal health and...
subsp. is responsible for paratuberculosis in animals. This disease, leading to an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, has a high impact on animal health and an important economic burden. The environmental life cycle of subsp. is poorly understood and several studies suggest that free-living amoebae (FLA) might be a potential environmental host. FLA are protozoa found in water and soil that are described as reservoirs of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the environment. Indeed, bacteria able to survive within these amoebae would survive phagocytosis from immune cells. In this study, we assessed the interactions between several strains of subsp. and . The results indicate that the bacteria were able to grow within the amoeba and that they can survive for several days within their host. To explore the presence of subsp. in environmental amoebae, we sampled water from farms positive for paratuberculosis. A subsp. strain was detected within an environmental amoeba identified as related to the poorly described genus. The bacterial strain was genotyped, showing that it was similar to previous infectious strains isolated from cattle. In conclusion, we described that various subsp. strains were able to grow within amoebae and that these bacteria could be found on farm within amoebae isolated from the cattle environment. It validates that infected amoebae might be a reservoir and vector for the transmission of subsp. .
Topics: Amoeba; Animals; Environmental Microbiology; Genome, Bacterial; Genotype; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Phagosomes; Tandem Repeat Sequences
PubMed: 29479518
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00028 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2019Attention to environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a vital component of disease prevention and control. We investigated MAC...
Attention to environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a vital component of disease prevention and control. We investigated MAC colonization of household plumbing in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. We used variable-number tandem-repeat genotyping and whole-genome sequencing with core genome single-nucleotide variant analysis to compare M. avium from household plumbing biofilms with M. avium isolates from patient respiratory specimens. M. avium was recovered from 30 (81.1%) of 37 households, including 19 (90.5%) of 21 M. avium patient households. For 11 (52.4%) of 21 patients with M. avium disease, isolates recovered from their respiratory and household samples were of the same genotype. Within the same community, 18 (85.7%) of 21 M. avium respiratory isolates genotypically matched household plumbing isolates. Six predominant genotypes were recovered across multiple households and respiratory specimens. M. avium colonizing municipal water and household plumbing may be a substantial source of MAC pulmonary infection.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Environmental Microbiology; Female; Genotype; History, 21st Century; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minisatellite Repeats; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Philadelphia; Phylogeny; Public Health Surveillance; Water Microbiology; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 30789130
DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.180336 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Apr 2018subsp. mainly causes disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts, such as individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and pulmonary infection...
subsp. mainly causes disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts, such as individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and pulmonary infection in immunocompetent hosts. However, many aspects of the different types of subsp. infection remain unclear. We examined the antibiotic susceptibilities and genotypes of subsp. isolates from different hosts by performing drug susceptibility testing using eight antibiotics (clarithromycin, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, ethionamide, and levofloxacin) and variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) typing analysis for 46 isolates from the sputa of HIV-negative patients with pulmonary subsp. disease without previous antibiotic treatment and 30 isolates from the blood of HIV-positive patients with disseminated subsp. disease. Interestingly, isolates from pulmonary subsp. disease patients were more resistant to seven of the eight drugs, with the exception being rifampin, than isolates from HIV-positive patients. Moreover, VNTR typing analysis showed that the strains examined in this study were roughly classified into three clusters, and the genetic distance from reference strain 104 for isolates from pulmonary subsp. disease patients was statistically significantly different from that for isolates from HIV-positive patients ( = 0.0018), suggesting that subsp. strains that cause pulmonary and disseminated disease have genetically distinct features. Significant differences in susceptibility to seven of the eight drugs, with the exception being ethambutol, were noted among the three clusters. Collectively, these results suggest that an association between the type of subsp. infection, drug susceptibility, and the VNTR genotype and the properties of subsp. strains associated with the development of pulmonary disease are involved in higher levels of antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genotype; Humans; Lung Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium avium; Tandem Repeat Sequences
PubMed: 29378709
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02035-17 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2001Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The usually fatal disease is characterised... (Review)
Review
Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The usually fatal disease is characterised by cachexia, and in some species diarrhoea, after a long pre-clinical phase. Treatment is ineffective and economically impracticable. The infection primarily affects domestic and free-ranging ruminants, but has also been reported in primates, rabbits, stoats and foxes. Since paratuberculosis is often subclinical, under-reporting is suspected, even though the disease is notifiable in numerous countries. Herd prevalence of bovine paratuberculosis in Europe ranges from 7% to 55%. In the United States of America, herd prevalence is strongly associated with herd size; 40% of herds of more than 300 head were found to be infected. In Australia, reported dairy herd infection rates range between 9% and 22%. Paratuberculosis in domestic livestock entails significant economic losses due to several factors (e.g. reduced production, premature culling and increased veterinary costs). Free-ranging and captive wildlife are also at risk from paratuberculosis.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Immunity; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Prevalence; Ruminants; Virulence; Zoonoses
PubMed: 11288509
DOI: 10.20506/rst.20.1.1275 -
BMC Microbiology Apr 2021Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes Johne's disease (JD), a chronic enteritis widespread in ruminants, resulting in substantial economic losses,...
BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes Johne's disease (JD), a chronic enteritis widespread in ruminants, resulting in substantial economic losses, especially to the dairy industry. Understanding the genetic diversity of Map in Australia will assist epidemiological studies for tracking disease transmission and identify subtype characteristics for use in development of improved diagnostic typing methods. Here we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 351 Map isolates and compared different subtyping methods to assess their suitability for use in diagnostics and accuracy.
RESULTS
SNP-based phylogenetic analysis of 228 Australian isolates and 123 publicly available international isolates grouped Type S and Type C strains into two distinct lineages. Type C strains were highly monomorphic with only 20 SNP differences separating them. Type S strains, when aligned separately to the Telford strain, fell into two distinct clades: The first clade contained seven international isolates while the second clade contained one international isolate from Scotland and all 59 Australian isolates. The Australian Type B strain clustered with US bison strains. IS1311 PCR and Restriction Enzyme Analysis (REA) intermittently generated incorrect results when compared to Long Sequence Polymorphism (LSP) analysis, whole genome SNP-based phylogenetic analysis, IS1311 sequence alignment and average nucleotide identity (ANI). These alternative methods generated consistent Map typing results. A published SNP based assay for genotyping Map was found to be unsuitable for differentiating between Australian and international strain types of Map.
CONCLUSION
This is the first phylogenetic analysis of Australian Map isolates. The Type C lineage was highly monomorphic, and the Type S lineage clustered all Australian isolates into one clade with a single Scottish sheep strain. The Australian isolate classified as Type B by IS1311 PCR and REA is likely to be descended from bison and most closely related to US bison strains. Limitations of the current typing methods were identified in this study.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genotype; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 33789575
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02140-2 -
Future Microbiology 2014
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Crohn Disease; Global Health; Humans; Macrophages; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 25156371
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.52 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2016The species Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are the causal agents, respectively, of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in animals....
The species Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are the causal agents, respectively, of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in animals. Both mycobacteria, especially M. bovis, are also important to public health because they can infect humans. In recent years, this and the impact of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis on animal production have led to significant advances in knowledge about both pathogens and their host interactions. This article describes the contribution of genomics and functional genomics to studies of the evolution, virulence, epidemiology and diagnosis of both these pathogenic mycobacteria.
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Molecular Epidemiology; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium bovis; Tuberculosis; Virulence
PubMed: 27217180
DOI: 10.20506/rst.35.1.2429 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023The induction of an effective immune response is critical for the success of mRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we developed a nanoadjuvant system compromised of Quil-A and...
The induction of an effective immune response is critical for the success of mRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we developed a nanoadjuvant system compromised of Quil-A and DOTAP (dioleoyl 3 trimethylammonium propane), hence named QTAP, for the efficient delivery of mRNA vaccine constructs into cells. Electron microscopy indicated that the complexation of mRNA with QTAP forms nanoparticles with an average size of 75 nm and which have ~90% encapsulation efficiency. The incorporation of pseudouridine-modified mRNA resulted in higher transfection efficiency and protein translation with low cytotoxicity than unmodified mRNA. When QTAP-mRNA or QTAP alone transfected macrophages, pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g., NLRP3, NF-kb, and MyD88) were upregulated, an indication of macrophage activation. In C57Bl/6 mice, QTAP nanovaccines encoding Ag85B and Hsp70 transcripts (QTAP-85B+H70) were able to elicit robust IgG antibody and IFN- ɣ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17 cytokines responses. Following aerosol challenge with a clinical isolate of significant reduction of mycobacterial counts was observed in lungs and spleens of only immunized animals at both 4- and 8-weeks post-challenge. As expected, reduced levels of were associated with diminished histological lesions and robust cell-mediated immunity. Interestingly, polyfunctional T-cells expressing IFN- ɣ, IL-2, and TNF- α were detected at 8 but not 4 weeks post-challenge. Overall, our analysis indicated that QTAP is a highly efficient transfection agent and could improve the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines against pulmonary , an infection of significant public health importance, especially to the elderly and to those who are immune compromised.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Interleukin-2; RNA; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 37359562
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188754