-
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aug 2015Pathologists are frequently involved in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis on conventional biopsies or examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and assisting bronchoscopists... (Review)
Review
Pathologists are frequently involved in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis on conventional biopsies or examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and assisting bronchoscopists when performing bronchial or transbronchial biopsies or transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA)/endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided biopsies of enlarged lymph nodes. Histology generally does not pose difficult tasks in the correct clinical and imaging scenario, but atypical forms of sarcoidosis exist, and in these cases, the diagnosis may become difficult. When faced with granulomas in the lung, the evaluation of their qualitative features, anatomic distribution, and accompanying findings usually allows the pathologist to narrow considerably the differential diagnosis. The final diagnosis always requires the careful integration of the histology with the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings. How robust is the histologic component of the diagnosis varies from case to case, and the pathologist should always clearly discuss this point with the clinician; in general, the weaker the histology is, the stronger should be the clinical-radiologic findings, and vice versa. The differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis includes granulomatous infections, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, several collagen vascular diseases (particularly Sjögren), drug reactions, chronic aspiration, and even diffuse fibrosing diseases. In this review, conventional and unusual histologic findings of pulmonary sarcoidosis are presented, highlighting the role of the pathologist and discussing the main differential diagnoses.
Topics: Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic; Autoimmune Diseases; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Humans; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Mycobacterium avium; Pneumoconiosis; Pneumocystis carinii; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 25762348
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8479-6 -
The Journal of Dairy Research Nov 2022Preservation of colostrum for neonatal dairy calves has seldom been seldom in recent years, much of the peer reviewed literature having been published in the 1970s and... (Review)
Review
Preservation of colostrum for neonatal dairy calves has seldom been seldom in recent years, much of the peer reviewed literature having been published in the 1970s and 1980s. First milking colostrum is high in bioactive immune enhancers such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrins, lysozymes and cytokines and is vital to confer passive immunity to newborn dairy calves to promote their health, welfare and future productivity. Bovine colostrum is advisedly restricted from the bulk milk supply for the first 8 milkings post calving due to high somatic cell counts and the risk of antimicrobial residues. As such, many producers refer to 'colostrum' as not only the first milking post calving, but also the aformentioned 'transition' milk. Colostrum is preserved in order to protect supply for feeding when production may be poor or where there is a glut of colostrum such as in seasonal calving systems. There are multiple reasons for newborn calves not to have access to their dam's colostrum, including multiple births, acute mastitis or maladapted maternal behaviour, especially in first lactation heifers. Shortages in colostrum may also be precipitated by purposeful discarding of colostrum from cows infected with subsp and . Broadly, colostrum may be preserved using low temperature (refrigeration or freezing) or chemical preservatives. The aim of this scoping review article was to identify options for preservation and gaps in research and to propose best practice for colostrum preservation.
Topics: Pregnancy; Cattle; Animals; Female; Milk; Colostrum; Lactation; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Mycoplasma bovis
PubMed: 36408678
DOI: 10.1017/S0022029922000711 -
International Journal of... 2018In spite of the fact that the standard test for nitrate reductase activity is negative for Mycobacterium avium, it can grow in a defined minimal medium with either...
BACKGROUND
In spite of the fact that the standard test for nitrate reductase activity is negative for Mycobacterium avium, it can grow in a defined minimal medium with either nitrate (NO) or nitrite (NO) as sole nitrogen sources.
METHODS
NO-and NO-reductase activities were measured in soluble and membrane fractions of aerobically grown cells of M. avium and those grown aerobically and shifted to anaerobiosis.
RESULTS
NO- and NO-reductase activities were only detected in the membrane fractions and the two enzyme activities were significantly reduced if cells were grown aerobically in the presence of ammonia (NH). The NO-reductase activity of membrane fractions was 2-fold higher than that of NO-reductase consistent with the fact that NO-reductase activity of M. avium cannot be detected if measured by nitrite formation. Membrane fractions of M. avium cells grown 1 week aerobically and then 2 weeks under anaerobic conditions had NO-and NO-reductase activities.
CONCLUSION
The results are consistent with the presence of assimilatory NO-and NO-reductase activities in cells of M. avium grown under aerobic conditions. Further, the data suggest that a shift to anaerobic conditions results in the appearance of ammonium-insensitive NO-and NO-reductase activities; quite possibly that function in a dissimilatory role (redox balancing).
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Bacterial Proteins; Mycobacterium avium; Nitrate Reductases; Nitrates; Nitrite Reductases; Nitrites; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 30531029
DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_118_18 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2019Attention to environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a vital component of disease prevention and control. We investigated MAC...
Attention to environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a vital component of disease prevention and control. We investigated MAC colonization of household plumbing in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. We used variable-number tandem-repeat genotyping and whole-genome sequencing with core genome single-nucleotide variant analysis to compare M. avium from household plumbing biofilms with M. avium isolates from patient respiratory specimens. M. avium was recovered from 30 (81.1%) of 37 households, including 19 (90.5%) of 21 M. avium patient households. For 11 (52.4%) of 21 patients with M. avium disease, isolates recovered from their respiratory and household samples were of the same genotype. Within the same community, 18 (85.7%) of 21 M. avium respiratory isolates genotypically matched household plumbing isolates. Six predominant genotypes were recovered across multiple households and respiratory specimens. M. avium colonizing municipal water and household plumbing may be a substantial source of MAC pulmonary infection.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Environmental Microbiology; Female; Genotype; History, 21st Century; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minisatellite Repeats; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Philadelphia; Phylogeny; Public Health Surveillance; Water Microbiology; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 30789130
DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.180336 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Oct 2018To measure the aerosolization of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis and Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus from ultrasonic humidifiers.
PURPOSE
To measure the aerosolization of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis and Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus from ultrasonic humidifiers.
METHODOLOGY
An ultrasonic humidifier was filled with sterile tap water and inoculated with water-acclimated cells of either the M. avium or M. abscessus strains to achieve a range of densities similar to those of mycobacteria found in drinking waters. During operation of the humidifier, aerosols were collected using an Andersen 6-Stage Cascade Sampler.
RESULTS
Cells of the M. avium and M. abscessus strains were readily aerosolized and recovered in particles (1-5 µm diameter); small enough to enter the furthest reaches of the human lung. Aerosolization of M. abscessus was significantly reduced in the presence of a normal drinking water bacterial flora. Significantly greater numbers of M. avium cells were aerosolized from high-density suspensions (1200 c.f.u. ml), than from low-density (120 c.f.u. ml) and very low-density (12 c.f.u. ml) suspensions.
CONCLUSIONS
This report documents the potential for M. avium subspecies hominissuis and M. abscessus subspecies abscessus cells in drinking water to be aerosolized from one type of portable humidifier; an ultrasonic humidifier. Care should be taken in using an ultrasonic humidifier where an individual at risk for mycobacterial pulmonary disease could be exposed.
Topics: Aerosols; Air Pollution, Indoor; Equipment Contamination; Fresh Water; Humidifiers; Mycobacterium abscessus; Mycobacterium avium
PubMed: 30113303
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000822 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Dec 2017Latin America is the definition of the American group, where languages of Latin origin are spoken, including countries in South, Central, and North America.... (Review)
Review
Latin America is the definition of the American group, where languages of Latin origin are spoken, including countries in South, Central, and North America. Paratuberculosis is a gastrointestinal contagious chronic disease that affects ruminants, whose etiological agent is the bacilli Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea, decreased milk production, dehydration, and progressive weight loss and is possibly involved in Crohn's disease, a human intestinal disease. MAP is resistant to environmental factors, pasteurization, and water disinfection, which coupled with the subclinical-clinical nature of the disease, and makes paratuberculosis a relevant socioeconomic and public health issue, justifying the descriptive review of research on the disease carried out in Latin American countries. A survey of articles, published until September 2016, on the Scopus database, PubMed, Agris, and Science Direct, about detection of the agent and the disease in Latin America, without restrictions to the date of the research was performed. The keywords were as follows: "paratuberculosis," "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis," "cattle," "milk," "wildlife," "goat," "ovine," "dairy," and the name of each country in English. Studies found from nine of the 20 Latin America countries, 31 related to Brazil, 17 to Argentina, 14 to Chile, eight to Colombia, six to Mexico, two to Peru, two to Venezuela, and one to Panama and to Bolivia, each. The agent was detected in cattle, goats, sheep, domesticated water buffalo, and wild animals. Microbiological culture, PCR, and ELISA were the frequent techniques. The small number of studies may result in overestimation or underestimation of the real scenario.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Latin America; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis
PubMed: 28884331
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1385-6 -
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy :... Aug 2024Mycobacterium avium is associated with pulmonary disease in otherwise healthy adults. Several clarithromycin-refractory cases have been reported, including some cases...
BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium avium is associated with pulmonary disease in otherwise healthy adults. Several clarithromycin-refractory cases have been reported, including some cases caused by clarithromycin-susceptible strains.
OBJECTIVES
To characterize the reason for the discrepancy between clinical response and antibiotic susceptibility results.
METHODS
We conducted population analysis of clarithromycin-tolerant and heteroresistant subpopulations of M. avium cultured in vitro and in homogenates of infected lungs of mice. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for 28 M. avium and two M. kansasii strains. Mice were intranasally infected with M. avium and treated with or without clarithromycin (100 mg/kg) thrice weekly. They were sacrificed on day 35 and the bacteria in lung homogenates were tested for clarithromycin resistance. Population analysis assays were performed based on colony growth on plates containing two-fold dilutions of clarithromycin.
RESULTS
The MBC/MIC ratios were ≥8 in all 28 strains of M. avium tested. In the population analysis assay, several colonies were observed on the plates containing clarithromycin concentrations above the MIC (2-64 mg/L). No growth of M. kansasii colonies was observed on the plates containing clarithromycin concentrations ≥2 mg/L. M. avium in the homogenates of infected lungs showed clearer clarithromycin-resistant subpopulations than in vitro, regardless of clarithromycin exposure.
CONCLUSION
M. avium shows intrinsic heterogeneous resistance (heteroresistance) to clarithromycin. This may explain the observed discrepancies between clarithromycin susceptibility testing results and clinical response to clarithromycin treatment. Further studies are needed to confirm a link between heteroresistance and clinical outcomes.
Topics: Clarithromycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Animals; Mice; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mycobacterium avium; Lung; Female; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans
PubMed: 38369123
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.02.016 -
Journal of Microbiological Methods May 2023Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolates in the clinical laboratory setting allows for rapid and reliable subspecies identification of...
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolates in the clinical laboratory setting allows for rapid and reliable subspecies identification of a closely related complex of human pathogens. We developed a bioinformatics pipeline for accurate subspecies identification and tested 74 clinical MAC isolates from various anatomical sites. We demonstrate that reliable subspecies level identification of these common and clinically significant MAC isolates, including M. avium subsp. hominissuis (most dominant in causing lower respiratory tract infections in our cohort), M. avium subsp. avium, M. intracellulare subsp. intracellulare, and M. intracellulare subsp. chimaera, can be achieved by analysis of only two marker genes (rpoB and groEL/hsp65). We then explored the relationship between these subspecies and anatomical site of infection. Further, we conducted an in silico analysis and showed our algorithm also performed well for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis but failed to consistently identify M. avium subsp. silvaticum and M. intracellulare subsp. yongonense, likely due to a lack of available reference genome sequences; all the 3 subspecies were not found in our clinical isolates and rarely reported to cause human infections. Accurate MAC subspecies identification may provide the tool and opportunity for better understanding of the disease-subspecies dynamics in MAC infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Paratuberculosis; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 37120137
DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106726 -
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy :... Dec 2019Although fluoroquinolones are considered as alternative therapies of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease, the association between fluoroquinolone...
BACKGROUND
Although fluoroquinolones are considered as alternative therapies of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease, the association between fluoroquinolone resistance and MAC genotypes in clinical isolates from individuals not previously treated for MAC infection is not fully clear.
METHODS
Totals of 154 M. avium isolates and 35 Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates were obtained from treatment-naïve patients with pulmonary MAC disease at the diagnosis of MAC infection at 8 hospitals in Japan. Their susceptibilities of moxifloxacin were determined by broth microdilution methods. Moxifloxacin-resistant isolates were examined for mutations of gyrA and gyrB. Variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) assay was performed using 15 M. avium VNTR loci and 16 M. intracellulare VNTR loci.
RESULTS
Moxifloxacin susceptibility was categorized as resistant and intermediate for 6.5% and 16.9%, respectively, of M. avium isolates and 8.6% and 17.1% of M. intracellulare isolates. Although the isolates of both species had amino acid substitutions of Thr 96 and Thr 522 at the sites corresponding to Ser 95 in the M. tuberculosis GyrA and Gly 520 in the M. tuberculosis GyrB, respectively, these substitutions were observed irrespective of susceptibility and did not confer resistance. The VNTR assays showed revealed three clusters among M. avium isolates and two clusters among M. intracellulare isolates. No significant differences in moxifloxacin resistance were observed among these clusters.
CONCLUSIONS
Although resistance or intermediate resistance to moxifloxacin was observed in approximately one-fourth of M. avium and M. intracellulare isolates, this resistance was not associated with mutations in gyrA and gyrB or with VNTR genotypes.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minisatellite Repeats; Moxifloxacin; Mutation; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 31239192
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.05.028 -
Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2016Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of severe chronic intestinal inflammatory disease in ruminants, termed Johne's disease,... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of severe chronic intestinal inflammatory disease in ruminants, termed Johne's disease, and can infect many other animal species, including humans. MAP has a long incubation period prior to manifestation of clinical signs including diarrhea, weight loss, and loss of production. MAP has a high prevalence in dairy herds and results in considerable adverse impacts on animal health and productivity throughout the world. Recent investigations have leveraged the characterization of the MAP genome for the development of powerful new molecular techniques for MAP strain differentiation. These approaches are providing key insights into the epidemiology and transmission of MAP on and between dairy herds. We summarize the state of the art for MAP diagnostics and strain differentiation and our current knowledge of mechanisms of within- and between-herd transmission of MAP, along with future needs for the development of rational MAP infection control programs.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Feces; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Typing; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Prevalence
PubMed: 26526547
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111304