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Journal of Medical Microbiology Jul 2020The incidence of complex (MAC) pulmonary disease (MAC PD), a refractory chronic respiratory tract infection, is increasing worldwide. MAC has three predominant colony...
The incidence of complex (MAC) pulmonary disease (MAC PD), a refractory chronic respiratory tract infection, is increasing worldwide. MAC has three predominant colony morphotypes: smooth opaque (SmO), smooth transparent (SmT) and rough (Rg). To determine whether colony morphotypes can predict the prognosis of MAC PD, we evaluated the virulence of SmO, SmT and Rg in mice and in human macrophages. We compared the characteristics of mice and human macrophages infected with the SmO, SmT, or Rg morphotypes of subsp. 104. C57BL/6 mice and human macrophages derived from peripheral mononuclear cells were used in these experiments. In comparison to SmO- or SmT-infected mice, Rg-infected mice revealed severe pathologically confirmed pneumonia, increased lung weight and increased lung bacterial burden. Rg-infected macrophages revealed significant cytotoxicity, increased bacterial burden, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (CCL5 and CCL3), and formation of cell clusters. Rg formed larger bacterial aggregates than SmO and SmT. Cytotoxicity, bacterial burden and secretion of IL-6, CCL5 and CCL3 were induced strongly by Rg infection, and were decreased by disaggregation of the bacteria. Rg, which is associated with bacterial aggregation, has the highest virulence among the predominant colony morphotypes.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Incidence; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Phenotype; Virulence
PubMed: 32589124
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001224 -
QJM : Monthly Journal of the... Aug 2022
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Foot; Foot Ulcer; Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Skin Diseases; Ulcer
PubMed: 35686925
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcac140 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017Johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants caused by the intracellular bacterium subsp. (). We previously demonstrated that isolates from sheep...
Johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants caused by the intracellular bacterium subsp. (). We previously demonstrated that isolates from sheep persisted within host macrophages in lower CFUs than cattle isolates after 7 days of infection. In the current study, we hypothesize that these phenotypic differences between isolates may be driven be the fatty acids (FAs) present on the phosphadidyl-1--inositol mannosides of the cell wall that mediate recognition by the mannose receptors of host macrophages. FAs modifications may influence 's envelope fluidity ultimately affecting pathogenicity. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the responses of two isolates from cattle (K10 isolate) and sheep (2349/06-1) to the bovine and ovine macrophage environment by measuring the FAs content of extracellular and intracellular bacteria. For this purpose, macrophages cell lines of bovine (BOMAC) and ovine (MOCL-4) origin were infected with the two isolates of for 4 days at 37°C. The relative FAs composition of the two isolates recovered from infected BOMAC and MOCL-4 cells was determined by gas chromatography and compared with that of extracellular bacteria and that of bacteria grown in Middlebrook 7H9 medium. Using this approach, we demonstrated that the FAs composition of extracellular and 7H9-grown bacteria was highly conserved within each isolate, and statistically different from that of intracellular bacteria. Analysis of FAs composition from extracellular bacteria enabled the distinction of the two strains based on the presence of the tuberculostearic acid (18:0 10Me) exclusively in the K10 strain of . In addition, significant differences in the content of Palmitic acid and cis-7 Palmitoleic acid between both isolates harvested from the extracellular environment were observed. Once the infection established itself in BOMAC and MOCL-4 cells, the FAs profiles of both isolates appeared conserved. Our results suggest that the FAs composition of might influence its recognition by macrophages and influence the survival of the bacillus within host macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Line; Cell Wall; Chromatography, Gas; Fatty Acids; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Macrophages; Microbial Viability; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Sheep
PubMed: 28377904
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00089 -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Jan 2022
Topics: Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 34407251
DOI: 10.1111/pai.13653 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Apr 2019Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This is the first in a two-part review... (Review)
Review
Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This is the first in a two-part review of the epidemiology and control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Paratuberculosis was originally described in 1895 and is now considered endemic among farmed cattle worldwide. MAP has been isolated from a wide range of non-ruminant wildlife as well as humans and non-human primates. In dairy herds, MAP is assumed to be introduced predominantly through the purchase of infected stock with additional factors modulating the risk of persistence or fade-out once an infected animal is introduced. Faecal shedding may vary widely between individuals and recent modelling work has shed some light on the role of super-shedding animals in the transmission of MAP within herds. Recent experimental work has revisited many of the assumptions around age susceptibility, faecal shedding in calves and calf-to-calf transmission. Further efforts to elucidate the relative contributions of different transmission routes to the dissemination of infection in endemic herds will aid in the prioritisation of efforts for control on farm.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis
PubMed: 30902190
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.010 -
Veterinary Research Sep 2022Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic debilitating disease in ruminants. To control this disease, it is...
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic debilitating disease in ruminants. To control this disease, it is crucial to understand immune evasion and the mechanism of persistence by analyzing the early phase interplays of the intracellular pathogens and their hosts. In the present study, host-pathogen interactions at the transcriptomic level were investigated in an in vitro macrophage infection model. When differentiated human THP-1 cells were infected with MAP, the expression of various genes associated with stress responses and metabolism was altered in both host and MAP at 3 h post-infection. MAP upregulates stress-responsive global gene regulators, such as two-component systems and sigma factors, in response to oxidative and cell wall stress. Downstream genes involved in type VII secretion systems, cell wall synthesis (polyketide biosynthesis proteins), and iron uptake were changed in response to the intracellular environment of macrophages. On the host side, upregulation of inflammatory cytokine genes was observed along with pattern recognition receptor genes. Notably, alterations in gene sets involved in arginine metabolism were observed in both the host and MAP, along with significant downregulation of NOS2 expression. These observations suggest that the utilization of metabolites such as arginine by intracellular MAP might affect host NO production. Our dual RNA-seq data can provide novel insights by capturing the global transcriptome with higher resolution, especially in MAP, thus enabling a more systematic understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Humans; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; RNA-Seq; THP-1 Cells
PubMed: 36100945
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01089-y -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Mar 2016Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), a chronic wasting disease in cattle with important welfare, economic and... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), a chronic wasting disease in cattle with important welfare, economic and potential public health implications. Current tests are unable to recognise all stages of the disease, which makes it difficult to diagnose and control. This review explores emerging diagnostic techniques that could complement and enhance the diagnosis of MAP infection, including bacteriophage analysis, new MAP-specific antigens, host protein expression in response to infection, transcriptomic studies, analysis of microRNAs and investigation of the gastrointestinal microbiome. It emphasises the inherent challenges of diagnosing bovine Johne's disease and investigates novel areas which may have the potential both to advance our understanding of the immunopathology of MAP infection and to augment current diagnostic tests.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis
PubMed: 26831164
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.033 -
Immunological Reviews May 2021Immunity against different Mycobacteria species targeting the lung requires distinctly different pulmonary immune responses for bacterial clearance. Many parameters of... (Review)
Review
Immunity against different Mycobacteria species targeting the lung requires distinctly different pulmonary immune responses for bacterial clearance. Many parameters of acquired and regulatory immune responses differ quantitatively and qualitatively from immunity during infection with Mycobacteria species. Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria species (NTM) Mycobacterium avium- (M avium), Mycobacterium abscessus-(M abscessus), and the Mycobacteria species Mycobacterium tuberculosis-(Mtb). Herein, we discuss the potential implications of acquired and regulatory immune responses in the context of animal and human studies, as well as future directions for efforts to treat Mycobacteria diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycobacterium abscessus; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 33713043
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12959 -
Viruses Dec 2023Johne's disease (JD), a chronic infectious enteritis of ruminants, causes major economic losses in the dairy industry globally. This enteritis is caused by subsp....
Johne's disease (JD), a chronic infectious enteritis of ruminants, causes major economic losses in the dairy industry globally. This enteritis is caused by subsp. (MAP). Currently there is no cure for JD and test-based culling has proved ineffective at preventing the spread. To isolate new mycobacteriophages (mbps) that can potentially be used to control JD transmission and infection on dairy farms, we optimized an isolation protocol by fecal spiking and the testing of different isolation solution compositions. Using this protocol, we successfully enhanced the yield of mbps from spiked fecal samples, elevating it from less than 1% to 59%. With this method, we isolated 14 mbps from 475 environmental samples collected from MAP-positive dairy farms, after in-sample enrichment with MAP and the fast-growing . The sample sources included soil, manure pits, lactation barns, feces, milk, and drain water. After fingerprinting these mbps by restriction enzyme profiling, we concluded that 12 were distinct and novel. Further characterization of their host range revealed that eight were capable of lysing multiple MAP strains. We also studied the cross-resistance, lysogeny, the effect of pH and their antimycobacterial properties in milk replacer. Each novel mbp showed limited cross-resistance and prophage immunity and showed no reduction in the titer in a range of pHs after 4 h. The novel phages were also able to reduce the mycobacterial counts to zero after 8 h in milk replacer. In conclusion, these novel mbps could be considered to be used in the control strategies of JD on farms.
Topics: Female; Animals; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Mycobacteriophages; Bacteriophages; Farms; Enteritis
PubMed: 38257721
DOI: 10.3390/v16010020 -
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy :... Apr 2018Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common etiologic organisms of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease. In this study, we aimed to retrospectively... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common etiologic organisms of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease. In this study, we aimed to retrospectively investigate the differences in drug susceptibility patterns of two major MAC species; Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. A total of 1883 major two MAC isolates (1060 M. avium and 823 M. intracellulare) from respiratory specimens were included in this study during the period 2011─2016. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution method and MIC/MIC values were derived from MIC distribution. M. intracellulare had generally low susceptible rates than M. avium for almost all tested antimicrobials except ethambutol and amikacin. The susceptible rate to clarithromycin was >94% of the MAC without significant differences between the two species. The MIC values of ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin were higher in M. intracellulare than in M. avium, contrary to the results of ethambutol with a higher MIC in M. avium. In general, M. intracellulare showed a higher resistance rate and higher MIC values than M. avium. Differences between this study and previous reports suggest regional differences in drug susceptibility profile of MAC species.
Topics: Amikacin; Antitubercular Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Clarithromycin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ethambutol; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Linezolid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moxifloxacin; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin
PubMed: 29223615
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.10.022