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Bioscience, Biotechnology, and... Dec 2022The nitrogen rule in mass spectrometry was used to search for new nitrogen-compounds from microbial metabolites. During this program, two new nitrogen-containing...
The nitrogen rule in mass spectrometry was used to search for new nitrogen-compounds from microbial metabolites. During this program, two new nitrogen-containing compounds, penicidones E and F, were discovered from the filamentous fungal strain FKI-7498, which was isolated from soil collected in Tokushima, Japan, and identified as Oidiodendron sp. by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, including 5.8S ribosomal RNA. The structures of penicidones E and F were determined by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chemical modification analyses. These analyses revealed that penicidones E and F have a core structure of 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-pyridone-3-carbonyl)benzoic acid. Penicidone E exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.
Topics: Nitrogen Compounds; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Ascomycota; Mass Spectrometry; Nitrogen; DNA, Fungal
PubMed: 36396341
DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac184 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Several microorganisms in the plant root system, especially in the rhizosphere, have their own compositions and functions. Corm rot is the most severe disease of ,...
INTRODUCTION
Several microorganisms in the plant root system, especially in the rhizosphere, have their own compositions and functions. Corm rot is the most severe disease of , leading to more than 50% mortality in field production.
METHODS
In this study, metagenomic sequencing was used to analyze microbial composition and function in the rhizosphere of for possible microbial antagonists against pathogenic .
RESULTS
The microbial diversity and composition were different in the rhizosphere from different habitats. The diversity index (Simpson index) was significantly lower in the rhizospheric soil from Chongming (Rs_CM) and degenerative rhizospheric soil from Chongming (RsD_CM) than in others. Linear discriminant analysis effect size results showed that differences among habitats were mainly at the order (Burkholderiales, Micrococcales, and Hypocreales) and genus ( and ) levels. Correlation analysis of the relative lesion area of corm rot showed that was the most negatively correlated bacterial genus (ρ = -0.7934, < 0.001), whereas was the most negatively correlated fungal genus (ρ = -0.7047, < 0.001). The relative lesion area result showed that from Qiaocheng had the highest resistance, followed by Xiuzhou and Jiande. groups with high disease resistance had abundant pathogen resistance genes, such as chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase genes, from rhizosphere microorganisms. Further, 13 bacteria and 19 fungi were isolated from rhizosphere soils, and antagonistic activity against pathogenic . was observed on potato dextrose agar medium. corm experiments confirmed that SR38, sp. SR55, SR379, and sp. SR343 displayed biocontrol activity against corm rot disease, with biocontrol efficiency of 20.26%, 31.37%, 39.22%, and 14.38%, respectively.
DISCUSSION
This study uncovers the differences in the microbial community of rhizosphere soil of with different corm rot disease resistance and reveals the role of four rhizospheric microorganisms in providing the host with resistance against corm rot. The obtained biocontrol microorganisms can also be used for application research and field management.
PubMed: 36483959
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1045147 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023G.L. Barron is a recognized fungal species capable of forming ericoid mycorrhiza with various positive effects on host plants; therefore, newly found and previously...
G.L. Barron is a recognized fungal species capable of forming ericoid mycorrhiza with various positive effects on host plants; therefore, newly found and previously uncharacterized strains may be valuable for heather plants' controlled mycorrhization. Characteristics of the F3860 strain were studied, i.e., mycelium growth on various nutrient media and the ability to secrete auxins and enzymes. F3860 grew rapidly on malt extract agar and potato dextrose agar. It was also able to grow on nutrient media suitable for heather plant cultivation. The presence of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin increased the mycelium growth rate compared to the control, starting from the 8th to the 13th days of cultivation. The ability to secrete auxins was confirmed with bioassay and thin-layer chromatography, and their content, as well as phytase activity, was estimated spectrophotometrically. Both in nutrient media with tryptophan and without it, F3860 secreted about 6 μg IAA/mL growth medium. F3860 possessed extracellular phytase, protease, and phenol oxidase activities. The investigation indicates F3860's promise for heather seedling inoculation as an approach to increase their fitness.
PubMed: 37504716
DOI: 10.3390/jof9070728 -
PloS One 2020Mines and caves are unusual ecosystems containing unique fungi and are greatly understudied compared to other environments. The Soudan Mine in Tower, MN, an iron ore...
Mines and caves are unusual ecosystems containing unique fungi and are greatly understudied compared to other environments. The Soudan Mine in Tower, MN, an iron ore mine that closed in 1963 after operating for 80 years, was sampled to explore fungal diversity and to investigate taxa that tolerate heavy metals for potential bioprocessing technologies or as sources of bioactive molecules for drug discovery and possible biocontrol for white-nose syndrome (WNS) of bats. The mine is 714 m deep, has 18 levels and contains large quantities of wooden timbers, in contrast to many other oligotrophic subterranean environments. Fungi were cultured from samples and the ITS region was sequenced for identification and phylogenetic analysis. Results show Ascomycota are the dominant fungi followed by Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota. Out of 164 identified taxa, 108 belong to the Ascomycota and 26 and 31 to Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota, respectively. There are also 46 taxa that do not match (<97% BLAST GenBank identity) sequenced fungal species. Examples of the most commonly isolated Ascomycota include Scytalidium sp., Mariannaea comptospora, Hypocrea pachybasidioides, Oidiodendron griseum and Pochonia bulbillosa; Basidiomycota include Postia sp., Sistotrema brinkmannii, Calocera sp., Amylocorticiellum sp.; Mucoromycota include Mortierella parvispora, M. gamsii, M. hyaline, M. basiparvispora and Mortierella sp. Unusual growth forms were also found including large quantities of black rhizomorphs of Armillaria sinapina and white mycelial cords of Postia sp. mycelium, as well as Pseudogymnoascus species growing over large areas of mine walls and ceiling. The mine environment is a relatively extreme environment for fungi, with the presence of high levels of heavy metals, complete darkness and poor nutrient availability. Several genera are similar to those isolated in other extreme environments but phylogenetic analyses show differences in species between these environments. Results indicate this subterranean environment hosts a wide diversity of fungi, many of them not found in above ground environments.
Topics: Fungi; Iron; Mining; Wastewater
PubMed: 32497073
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234208 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022The mutualistic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots is a widespread terrestrial symbiosis. The symbiosis enables plants to better adapt to adverse... (Review)
Review
The mutualistic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots is a widespread terrestrial symbiosis. The symbiosis enables plants to better adapt to adverse soil conditions, enhances plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and improves plant establishment and growth. Thus, mycorrhizal fungi are considered biostimulants. Among the four most common types of mycorrhizae, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (EcM) have been more intensively studied than ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM) and orchidaceous mycorrhiza (OrM). ErM fungi can form symbiotic relationships with plants in the family Ericaceae. Economically important plants in this family include blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, and rhododendron. ErM fungi are versatile as they are both saprotrophic and biotrophic. Increasing reports have shown that they can degrade soil organic matter, resulting in the bioavailability of nutrients for plants and microbes. ErM fungi can synthesize hormones to improve fungal establishment and plant root initiation and growth. ErM colonization enables plants to effective acquisition of mineral nutrients. Colonized plants are able to tolerate different abiotic stresses, including drought, heavy metals, and soil salinity as well as biotic stresses, such as pathogen infections. This article is intended to briefly introduce ErM fungi and document their beneficial effects on ericaceous plants. It is anticipated that the exploration of this special group of fungi will further improve our understanding of their value of symbiosis to ericaceous plants and ultimately result in the application of valuable species or strains for improving the establishment and growth of ericaceous plants.
PubMed: 36466284
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027390 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Corm rot is the most important disease of saffron, for which fungi from several genus such as spp. spp. and spp., have been previously reported to be the pathogens....
Corm rot is the most important disease of saffron, for which fungi from several genus such as spp. spp. and spp., have been previously reported to be the pathogens. In this research, we used a combination of amplicon sequencing and traditional isolation methods to identify the causal agents, main infection source. The diversity of microbial communities in diseased saffron corms and soil decreased significantly compared with healthy corms and soil. The contents of and in healthy and diseased corms were similarly high, indicating that them were not directly related to the occurrence of corm rot. But the relative abundance of , and were significantly higher in the diseased corms than healthy ones. The abundance of increased, while the abundance of , and the endophytic beneficial bacteria decreased, which may relate to the occurrence of the disease. The co-occurrence network diagram showed that the correlation between fungal and bacterial communities was mainly positive. Plant pathogens were relatively abundant in the diseased soil, according to functional gene prediction. At the same time, we also collected 100 diseased corms from the fields in Jiande, where is known as the "hometown of saffron." All isolated pathogenic strains were identified as through morphological observation and phylogenetic tree analysis of ITS, and . To better clarify the biological characteristics of . , we cultured the isolates at different temperatures and pH values. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sporulation was 25°C, pH 6,carbon sources sorbitol and nitrogen sources, peptone. In short, our results suggests that was the pathogen causing corm rot in Jiande and corms other than soils are the main primary infection source. These new understanding of saffron corm rot will provide the theoretical basis for its better and efficiently management.
PubMed: 37362925
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188376 -
IMA Fungus 2019Fungi can colonize most of the substrata on Earth. Honey, a sugary food produced by bees (and other insects) has been studied little in terms of its fungal diversity. We...
Fungi can colonize most of the substrata on Earth. Honey, a sugary food produced by bees (and other insects) has been studied little in terms of its fungal diversity. We have surveyed and evaluated the presence of xerotolerant and xerophilic fungi in a set of honey bee samples collected from across Spain. From 84 samples, a total of 104 fungal strains were isolated, and morphologically and phylogenetically characterized. We identified 32 species distributed across 16 genera, most of them belonging to the ascomycetous genera , , , , , , , , and . As a result of this survey, eight new taxa are proposed: i.e. the new family two new genera, and in ; three new species of , , , and ; and two new species of and .
PubMed: 32647624
DOI: 10.1186/s43008-019-0021-7 -
Mycorrhiza Jul 2020To examine the effects of ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi on salt tolerance of ericaceous plants, we inoculated roots of velvetleaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides),...
To examine the effects of ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi on salt tolerance of ericaceous plants, we inoculated roots of velvetleaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides), Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi Oidiodendron maius and Meliniomyces variabilis. Plants were subjected to 0 (NaCl control) and 30 mM NaCl treatments, and plant dry weights, gas exchange, and leaf chlorophyll concentrations were compared in inoculated and non-inoculated plants. M. variabilis increased root dry weights in all three species of NaCl-treated plants, and O. maius enhanced root dry weights of lingonberry plants treated with NaCl. Both fungal species were especially effective in enhancing root and shoot dry weights in control (0 mM NaCl) and NaCl-treated lingonberry seedlings. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations were enhanced by fungal inoculation in all three plant species, and this effect persisted under salt stress in Labrador tea and lingonberry. Salt treatment drastically reduced transpiration rates (E) and lowered net photosynthesis (Pn) to the negative values in all three species of non-inoculated plants, and this effect was partly or almost completely reversed by the inoculation with O. maius and M. variabilis. Fungal inoculation was especially effective in reducing NaCl effects on Pn in lingonberry. Oidiodendron maius and M. variabilis were also equally effective in reversing NaCl-induced declines of E in velvetleaf blueberry and lingonberry. However, in Labrador tea, O. maius reversed the decline of E in NaCl-treated plants less compared with M. variabilis resulting in high photosynthetic water use efficiency values. The results support the hypothesis that, similarly to arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations, ERM association increases salt tolerance of plants.
Topics: Ascomycota; Fungi; Mycorrhizae; Plant Roots; Plants; Salt Tolerance
PubMed: 32363467
DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00958-8 -
Marine Drugs Apr 2017Four bioactive compounds have been isolated from the fungus UBOCC-A-114129 cultivated from deep subsurface sediment. They were structurally characterized using a...
Four bioactive compounds have been isolated from the fungus UBOCC-A-114129 cultivated from deep subsurface sediment. They were structurally characterized using a combination of LC-MS/MS and NMR analyses as fuscin and its derivatives (dihydrofuscin, dihydrosecofuscin, and secofuscin) and identified as polyketides. Albeit those compounds were already obtained from terrestrial fungi, this is the first report of their production by an species and by the deepest subseafloor isolate ever studied for biological activities. We report a weak antibacterial activity of dihydrosecofuscin and secofuscin mainly directed against Gram-positive bacteria (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) equal to Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), in the range of 100 μg/mL). The activity on various protein kinases was also analyzed and revealed a significant inhibition of CDC2-like kinase-1 (CLK1) by dihysecofuscin.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascomycota; Benzopyrans; Biological Factors; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polyketides; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 28387732
DOI: 10.3390/md15040111 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Blueberry roots are inefficient in taking up water and nutrients, a fact partially related to their scarcity of root hairs, but they improve nutrient uptake by...
Blueberry roots are inefficient in taking up water and nutrients, a fact partially related to their scarcity of root hairs, but they improve nutrient uptake by associating with ericoid mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. However, the benefits of this association are both cultivar- and fungus-dependent. Our objective was to assess the effect of inoculation with three native fungal strains ( A, BP, and BC) on plantlet growth, plantlet survival, and nitrogen (N) absorption of the southern highbush blueberry (SHB) cultivars Biloxi and Misty. The fungal strains were inoculated into the peat-based substrate for growing blueberry cultivars, and plantlets produced by micropropagation were transplanted and grown for four months. The three inoculated strains positively affected the survival percentage in at least one of the cultivars tested, whereas BP positively affected plant biomass, N derived from fertilizer absorption, N content, and plant N recovery (%) in both Biloxi and Misty. Our results show that the BP strain may prove useful as a bio-inoculant to improve blueberry production during the nursery stage.
PubMed: 36840140
DOI: 10.3390/plants12040792