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Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Mar 2020
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Myopia; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 32057022
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1103_19 -
Ophthalmology Jun 2021To review the literature on the efficacy and safety of medical and surgical interventions for indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), defined as injury to the nerve... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To review the literature on the efficacy and safety of medical and surgical interventions for indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), defined as injury to the nerve that occurs distal to the optic nerve head.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted on October 22, 2019, and updated on April 8, 2020, in the PubMed database for English language original research that assessed the effect of various interventions for indirect TON. One hundred seventy-two articles were identified; 41 met the inclusion criteria outlined for assessment and were selected for full-text review and abstraction. On full-text review, a total of 32 studies met all of the study criteria and were included in the analysis.
RESULTS
No study met criteria for level I evidence. Seven studies (1 level II study and 6 level III studies) explored corticosteroid therapy that did not have uniformly better outcomes than observation. Twenty studies (3 level II studies and 17 level III studies) assessed optic canal decompression and the use of corticosteroids. Although visual improvement was noted after decompression, studies that directly compared surgery with medical therapy did not report uniformly improved outcomes after decompression. Four studies (1 level II study and 3 level III studies) evaluated the use of erythropoietin. Although initial studies demonstrated benefit, a direct comparison of its use with observation and corticosteroids failed to confirm the usefulness of this medication. One study (level II) documented visual improvement with levodopa plus carbidopa. Complication rates were variable with all of these interventions. Pharmacologic interventions generally were associated with few complications, whereas optical canal decompression carried risks of serious side effects, including hemorrhages and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite reports of visual improvement with corticosteroids, optic canal decompression, and medical therapy for indirect TON, the weight of published evidence does not demonstrate a consistent benefit for any of these interventions. In summary, no consensus exists from studies published to date on a preferred treatment for TON. Treatment strategies should be customized for each individual patient. More definitive treatment trials will be needed to identify optimal treatment strategies for indirect TON.
Topics: Academies and Institutes; Consensus; Decompression, Surgical; Humans; Ophthalmology; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Injuries; Visual Fields
PubMed: 33161071
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.038 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2020This study aimed to evaluate optic nerve head parameters and inner retinal layer thicknesses in obese children and adolescents.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to evaluate optic nerve head parameters and inner retinal layer thicknesses in obese children and adolescents.
METHODS
Forty-one eyes of 41 pediatric obese participants and 41 eyes of 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Body mass index was calculated, based on sex and age, using body weight and height measurements. Blood lipid values (i.e., cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride) were measured in obese participants. Optical coherence tomography was used to examine optic nerve head parameters, including rim area, disc area, cup-to-disc ratio, and cup volume, as well as the thicknesses of retinal nerve fiber layers and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers.
RESULTS
Optic disc parameters were similar in obese and healthy children (p>0.05). The percentage of binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness symmetry was significantly different between obese and control groups (p=0.003). Compared to the control group, participants in the obese group exhibited thinner retinal nerve fiber layers in the superior quadrants (p=0.04) and thinner ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in the superior-temporal sectors (p=0.04). There were no statistically significant correlations between the ocular parameters and lipid blood test values assessed in this study (p>0.05). Body mass index was significantly negatively correlated with the mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (r=-0.33, p=0.03) in the obese group. There was no significant correlation between intraocular pressure and body mass index (r=0.05, p=0.74).
CONCLUSION
Compared to healthy children, obese children had greater binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness asymmetry and thinner retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in several sectors. Blood lipid levels were not associated with retinal thickness or optic disc parameters in obese children.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Nerve Fibers; Obesity; Optic Disk; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33084815
DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20200047 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2024One significant ocular symptom of neuro-ophthalmic disorders of the optic disk (OD) is optic disk edema (ODE). The etiologies of ODE are broad, with various symptoms and...
One significant ocular symptom of neuro-ophthalmic disorders of the optic disk (OD) is optic disk edema (ODE). The etiologies of ODE are broad, with various symptoms and effects. Early detection of ODE can prevent potential vision loss and fatal vision problems. The texture of edematous OD significantly differs from the non-edematous OD in retinal images. As a result, techniques that usually work for non-edematous cases may not work well for edematous cases. We propose a fully automatic OD classification of edematous and non-edematous OD on fundus image collections containing a mixture of edematous and non-edematous ODs. The proposed algorithm involved localization, segmentation, and classification of edematous and non-edematous OD. The factorized gradient vector flow (FGVF) was used to segment the ODs. The OD type was classified using a linear support vector machine (SVM) based on 27 features extracted from the vessels, GLCM, color, and intensity line profile. The proposed method was tested on 295 images with 146 edematous cases and 149 non-edematous cases from three datasets. The segmentation achieves an average precision of 88.41%, recall of 89.35%, and F1-Score of 86.53%. The average classification accuracy is 99.40% and outperforms the state-of-the-art method by 3.43%.
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Papilledema; Fundus Oculi; Algorithms; Retinal Vessels
PubMed: 38172282
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50908-5 -
Medical & Biological Engineering &... Feb 2022Precise detection of the optic disk (OD) is an important task in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. To manage the massive diabetic population, there is a significant...
Precise detection of the optic disk (OD) is an important task in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. To manage the massive diabetic population, there is a significant demand for efficient and remote retinal imaging techniques. In this regard, the use of handheld mobile cameras attached to a smartphone is a promising approach. However, smartphone retinal images are often of low quality, compared to those obtained on standard equipment. They also have a narrow field of view and an incomplete/unbalanced vessel structure. Hence, we propose a new, fully automatic hybrid method for OD localization (HLM). It is designed for and verified on mobile camera/smartphone retinal images. The HLM analyzes the vessel structure and finds the OD locations by using the exclusion method when an image has a complete vessel system, and a newly proposed line detection method, otherwise. For OD segmentation, an active contour model followed by the circle fitting approach is integrated into the HLM. The proposed method was tested on three mobile camera datasets and four datasets obtained by standard equipment. For mobile camera datasets, the HLM achieves an average accuracy of 98% for OD localization. The segmentation routine obtains an average precision of 92.64% and an average recall of 82.38%. Testing against the recent state-of-the-art methods on the standard datasets shows comparable performance. The proposed framework for OD localization and segmentation designed for and verified on mobile camera retinal datasets and standard datasets. (EM - "Exclusion Method", LDM - "Line Detection Method", OD - "Optic Disk" and PPV - "Positive Predictive Value").
Topics: Algorithms; Cell Phone; Diabetic Retinopathy; Humans; Optic Disk; Retinal Vessels
PubMed: 34988764
DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02484-x -
Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) May 2017To investigate the structural changes of intrapapillary proliferations associated with optic disk pits (ODPs) and optic disk pit maculopathy (ODP-M) using enhanced...
PURPOSE
To investigate the structural changes of intrapapillary proliferations associated with optic disk pits (ODPs) and optic disk pit maculopathy (ODP-M) using enhanced depth-spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-EDI-OCT) and megahertz optical coherence tomography (MHz-OCT).
METHODS
Sixteen eyes of patients with ODPs were studied. Papillary and peripapillary areas were repeatedly examined with SD-EDI-OCT over time. To evaluate swept-source OCT, some of the patients additionally received MHz-OCT-imaging.
RESULTS
MHz-OCT or SD-EDI images showed the entire form of the pits from opening to bottom in 13 of the 16 cases. The shape of ODPs varied considerably. In patients with unilateral ODP, deep intrapapillary depressions in the optic disk of the contralateral partner eye were a prevalent finding. Intrapapillary proliferations were observed in all ODP-cases during follow-up. The aspect of intrapapillary and prepapillary tissue, septae, and cavities changed over time. This effect was especially pronounced inside the ODP while the eye experienced simultaneous ODP-M.
CONCLUSION
All examined eyes with ODP showed signs of intrapapillary and prepapillary tissue, which developed over time. SD-EDI-OCT and MHz-OCT are able to detect characteristic ODP-related findings and are a useful means to monitor time-related changes within intrapapillary and prepapillary tissue related to ODP and ODP-M.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Disease Progression; Eye Abnormalities; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases; Time Factors; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Young Adult
PubMed: 27617535
DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001260 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... Oct 2023Neonatal retinal hemorrhage is a common finding in newborns, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. A computational simulation was designed to study the...
PURPOSE
Neonatal retinal hemorrhage is a common finding in newborns, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. A computational simulation was designed to study the events taking place in the eye and orbit when the head is compressed as the neonate passes through the birth canal.
METHODS
A finite element model of the eye, optic nerve sheath, and orbit was simulated and subjected to forces mimicking rises in intracranial pressure (ICP) associated with maternal contractions during normal vaginal delivery. Resulting changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), pressure in the optic nerve sheath, and stress within the sclera and retina were measured.
RESULTS
During contractions, increased ICP was transmitted to the orbit, globe, and optic nerve sheath. IOP rose by 2.71 kPa near the posterior pole. Pressure at the center of the optic nerve sheath rose by 7.31 kPa and up to 9.30 kPa at its interface with the sclera. Stress in the retina was highest near the optic disk and reached 10.93, 10.99, and 13.28 kPa in the preretinal, intraretinal, and subretinal layers, respectively. Stress in the sclera peaked at 12.76 kPa.
CONCLUSIONS
Increasing ICP associated with natural vaginal delivery increases intraorbital pressure, which applies stress to the retina. Associated retinal deformation may cause tearing of the retinal vasculature. Increased pressure within the optic nerve sheath may occlude the central retinal vein, resulting in outflow obstruction and subsequent rupture. Forces accumulated near the optic disk, likely accounting for the tendency of neonatal retinal hemorrhage to occur posteriorly.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Retinal Hemorrhage; Optic Disk; Retina; Intraocular Pressure; Retinal Vessels
PubMed: 37722620
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.07.013 -
Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology : the... Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Ophthalmologists; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases; Neurology
PubMed: 37974372
DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001993 -
International Journal of Computer... Jun 2021The most direct means of glaucoma screening is to use cup-to-disc ratio via colour fundus photography, the first step of which is the precise segmentation of the optic...
PURPOSE
The most direct means of glaucoma screening is to use cup-to-disc ratio via colour fundus photography, the first step of which is the precise segmentation of the optic cup (OC) and optic disc (OD). In recent years, convolution neural networks (CNN) have shown outstanding performance in medical segmentation tasks. However, most CNN-based methods ignore the effect of boundary ambiguity on performance, which leads to low generalization. This paper is dedicated to solving this issue.
METHODS
In this paper, we propose a novel segmentation architecture, called BGA-Net, which introduces an auxiliary boundary branch and adversarial learning to jointly segment OD and OC in a multi-label manner. To generate more accurate results, the generative adversarial network is exploited to encourage boundary and mask predictions to be similar to the ground truth ones.
RESULTS
Experimental results show that our BGA-Net system achieves state-of-the-art OC and OD segmentation performance on three publicly available datasets, i.e., the Dice scores for the optic disc/cup on the Drishti-GS, RIM-ONE-r3 and REFUGE datasets are 0.975/0.898, 0.967/0.872 and 0.951/0.866, respectively.
CONCLUSION
In this work, we not only achieve superior OD and OC segmentation results, but also confirm that the values calculated through the geometric relationship between the former two are highly related to glaucoma.
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Fundus Oculi; Glaucoma; Humans; Neural Networks, Computer; Optic Disk
PubMed: 33963969
DOI: 10.1007/s11548-021-02373-6 -
Vestnik Oftalmologii 2022The article presents five cases of various forms of hemangiomas of the optic nerve head (ONH) and juxtapapillary retina that were monitored and analyzed using ocular...
The article presents five cases of various forms of hemangiomas of the optic nerve head (ONH) and juxtapapillary retina that were monitored and analyzed using ocular visualization methods. The obtained data allowed a conclusion that capillary hemangioma of the ONH features clearly-seen boundaries of the lesion both on ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images; on the other hand, juxtapapillary granuloma can be characterized by blurred outlines on ophthalmoscopy and a gradual transition of the altered retina on OCT images with secondary changes seen in the macular area. When comorbid, capillary hemangioma of the ONH and retina feature a combination of these visualization signs.
Topics: Hemangioma, Capillary; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 35488564
DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202213802166