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Eye (London, England) Jan 2021Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive medical imaging technology that is playing an increasing role in the routine assessment and management of patients... (Review)
Review
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive medical imaging technology that is playing an increasing role in the routine assessment and management of patients with neuro-ophthalmic conditions. Its ability to characterise the optic nerve head, peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer and cellular layers of the macula including the ganglion cell layer enables qualitative and quantitative assessment of optic nerve disease. In this review, we discuss technical features of OCT and OCT-based imaging techniques in the neuro-ophthalmic context, potential pitfalls to be aware of, and specific applications in more common neuro-ophthalmic conditions including demyelinating, inflammatory, ischaemic and compressive optic neuropathies, optic disc drusen and raised intracranial pressure. We also review emerging applications of OCT angiography within neuro-ophthalmology.
Topics: Humans; Ophthalmology; Optic Disk; Optic Disk Drusen; Optic Nerve Diseases; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33239763
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01288-x -
Survey of Ophthalmology 2007Assessment of optic disk size is an important, but often overlooked, component of the diagnostic evaluation for glaucoma. Measured values of optic disk size vary with... (Review)
Review
Assessment of optic disk size is an important, but often overlooked, component of the diagnostic evaluation for glaucoma. Measured values of optic disk size vary with the measurement technique utilized. Available methods for disk size measurement and their respective strengths and limitations will be discussed. Further, actual disk size varies with race and possibly other demographic characteristics. Disk size is also associated with variation of specific anatomical structures of the optic nerve head and the retinal nerve fiber layer. These disk size- dependent variations may influence the susceptibility to glaucoma or the likelihood of glaucoma diagnosis. This manuscript reviews the published evidence relating to disk size and glaucoma.
Topics: Age Factors; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Ethnicity; Glaucoma; Humans; Ocular Hypertension; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases; Sex Factors
PubMed: 17212989
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.10.002 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2022Evaluation of the optic disc is important for the correct diagnosis and follow-up of optic neuropathies, especially glaucoma. The characteristics of the optic disc... (Review)
Review
Evaluation of the optic disc is important for the correct diagnosis and follow-up of optic neuropathies, especially glaucoma. The characteristics of the optic disc depend on various factors, including demographic and population aspects, and analysis of these characteristics may vary according to the methods used. The size and format of the neural rim along with the nerve fiber layer are important to the clinician's judgment regarding the susceptibility of the subject to develop glaucoma. In this study, we reviewed the literature to summarize the main methods and its characteristics in the evaluation of the optic nerve head.
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Glaucoma; Optic Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 35170637
DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20220080 -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Feb 2020
Topics: Glaucoma; Humans; Optic Disk
PubMed: 32246705
DOI: No ID Found -
BioMed Research International 2015
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Optic Disk; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 26221591
DOI: 10.1155/2015/371312 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Mar 2020
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Myopia; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 32057022
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1103_19 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jan 2017Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) describes a state of hypoxic injury of the optic nerve. Clinically, ION is divided into anterior and posterior forms defined by the... (Review)
Review
Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) describes a state of hypoxic injury of the optic nerve. Clinically, ION is divided into anterior and posterior forms defined by the presence or absence of optic disc swelling, respectively. It is further classified as arteritic when secondary to vasculitis, and nonarteritic when not. The site of vascular occlusion for anterior ION from giant cell arteritis is the short posterior ciliary arteries, but mechanical vascular obstruction does not play a role in most nonarteritic cases. Histologically, ION is characterized by axon and glial necrosis, edema, and a sparse mononuclear response. Like other ischemic injuries, the morphologic alternations in the nerve are time dependent. A variant of ION called cavernous degeneration (of Schnabel) features large cystic spaces filled with mucin. Several conditions can histologically mimic cavernous degeneration of the optic nerve. The scarcity of cases of ION examined histologically has contributed to an incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis.
Topics: Arteritis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
PubMed: 28029908
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0027-RS -
Experimental Eye Research Apr 2015This nontechnical review is focused upon educating the reader on optic nerve head biomechanics in both aging and disease along two main themes: what is known about how... (Review)
Review
This nontechnical review is focused upon educating the reader on optic nerve head biomechanics in both aging and disease along two main themes: what is known about how mechanical forces and the resulting deformations are distributed in the posterior pole and ONH (biomechanics) and what is known about how the living system responds to those deformations (mechanobiology). We focus on how ONH responds to IOP elevations as a structural system, insofar as the acute mechanical response of the lamina cribrosa is confounded with the responses of the peripapillary sclera, prelaminar neural tissues, and retrolaminar optic nerve. We discuss the biomechanical basis for IOP-driven changes in connective tissues, blood flow, and cellular responses. We use glaucoma as the primary framework to present the important aspects of ONH biomechanics in aging and disease, as ONH biomechanics, aging, and the posterior pole extracellular matrix (ECM) are thought to be centrally involved in glaucoma susceptibility, onset and progression.
Topics: Aging; Biomechanical Phenomena; Computer Simulation; Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Models, Biological; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 25819451
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.011 -
Current Opinion in Neurology Feb 2021Optic nerve head elevation can be associated with vision loss. This review provides an update regarding key features of optic disc drusen (ODD) compared with papilledema... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Optic nerve head elevation can be associated with vision loss. This review provides an update regarding key features of optic disc drusen (ODD) compared with papilledema from increased intracranial pressure and optic disc edema from other causes.
RECENT FINDINGS
Clinical history and funduscopic examination are not sufficient to correctly diagnose different causes of optic nerve head elevation. Multimodal ophthalmic imaging is noninvasive and should be used as first-line diagnostic testing to distinguish optic disc edema or papilledema from pseudoedema. Advanced ophthalmic imaging, including enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and autofluorescence imaging, can visualize ODD at high resolution and determine whether there is optic disc edema. OCT angiography does not require contrast and can rapidly visualize papillary, peripapillary, and macular microvasculature and identify important vascular biomarker of ischemia and, potentially, visual prognosis.
SUMMARY
Multimodal ophthalmic imaging can help in the diagnosis of ODD and optic disc edema and identify patients at high risk of vision loss and neurological issues in order to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Blindness; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Multimodal Imaging; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Optic Disk Drusen; Papilledema; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33278141
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000881 -
Eye (London, England) Apr 2023To develop and validate an end-to-end region-based deep convolutional neural network (R-DCNN) to jointly segment the optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) in retinal fundus...
OBJECTIVES
To develop and validate an end-to-end region-based deep convolutional neural network (R-DCNN) to jointly segment the optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) in retinal fundus images for precise cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) measurement and glaucoma screening.
METHODS
In total, 2440 retinal fundus images were retrospectively obtained from 2033 participants. An R-DCNN was presented for joint OD and OC segmentation, where the OD and OC segmentation problems were formulated into object detection problems. We compared R-DCNN's segmentation performance on our in-house dataset with that of four ophthalmologists while performing quantitative, qualitative and generalization analyses on the publicly available both DRISHIT-GS and RIM-ONE v3 datasets. The Dice similarity coefficient (DC), Jaccard coefficient (JC), overlapping error (E), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP) and area under the curve (AUC) were measured.
RESULTS
On our in-house dataset, the proposed model achieved a 98.51% DC and a 97.07% JC for OD segmentation, and a 97.63% DC and a 95.39% JC for OC segmentation, achieving a performance level comparable to that of the ophthalmologists. On the DRISHTI-GS dataset, our approach achieved 97.23% and 94.17% results in DC and JC results for OD segmentation, respectively, while it achieved a 94.56% DC and an 89.92% JC for OC segmentation. Additionally, on the RIM-ONE v3 dataset, our model generated DC and JC values of 96.89% and 91.32% on the OD segmentation task, respectively, whereas the DC and JC values acquired for OC segmentation were 88.94% and 78.21%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The proposed approach achieved very encouraging performance on the OD and OC segmentation tasks, as well as in glaucoma screening. It has the potential to serve as a useful tool for computer-assisted glaucoma screening.
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Glaucoma; Deep Learning; Retrospective Studies; Fundus Oculi
PubMed: 35437003
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02055-w