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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in poor quality of life. They affect all ages, although severe stages are mostly observed in older individuals. Poor oral hygiene, genetics, and environmental factors contribute enormously to the development and progression of these diseases. Although there are available treatment options for these diseases, the recurrence of the diseases hinders their efficiency. Oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are highly produced in oral cavity as a result of bacteria activities. Together with bacteria components such as lipopolysaccharides, VSCs participate in the progression of oral diseases by regulating cellular activities and interfering with the immune response. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous neurotransmitter primarily produced endogenously and is involved in the regulation of cellular activities. The gas is also among the VSCs produced by oral bacteria. In numerous diseases, HS have been reported to have dual effects depending on the cell, concentration, and donor used. In oral diseases, high production and subsequent utilization of this gas have been reported. Also, this high production is associated with the progression of oral diseases. In this review, we will discuss the production of HS in oral cavity, its interaction with cellular activities, and most importantly its role in oral diseases.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35116090
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1886277 -
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &... Aug 2023Oral cavity reconstruction using local flaps is an area of head and neck surgery that has been overshadowed since the introduction of free flaps. Here, we discuss new... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Oral cavity reconstruction using local flaps is an area of head and neck surgery that has been overshadowed since the introduction of free flaps. Here, we discuss new developments, predominantly modifications to existing techniques for intraoral reconstruction, the utility of different local flaps and a review of functional outcomes.
RECENT FINDINGS
The facial artery musculomucosal (FAMM) flap has seen the greatest number of modifications to technique, most notably the extended double-pedicled, kite-shaped tunnelized and osseous myomucosal approaches. The tunnelled buccal fat pad flap has gained popularity as well as the use of combining two flaps such as the buccal fat pad and palatal island flap to reconstruct oral cavity defects with good effect. There is still a paucity of literature surrounding functional outcomes post reconstruction. Despite this, the complication rate for local flaps remains low.
SUMMARY
The value of intraoral flaps for oral cavity reconstruction is undisputed. However, they are potentially underutilised in the modern era of expanding availability and indications for free tissue transfer. As many practices see greater numbers of aging patients, often with multisystem comorbidities, local flaps are an important tool that can provide the surgeon with a greater number of reconstructive options.
Topics: Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Mouth; Free Tissue Flaps
PubMed: 36942833
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000884 -
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2016Although cutaneous psoriasis is common, the existence of its manifestations in the oral cavity has been questioned. The definitive diagnosis of oral psoriasis can be... (Review)
Review
Although cutaneous psoriasis is common, the existence of its manifestations in the oral cavity has been questioned. The definitive diagnosis of oral psoriasis can be challenging due to the variability of presentations, and overlapping clinical and histological features with a number of other conditions as well as the lack of consensus. We review oral psoriasis, noting its variable clinical appearance, delineate the differential diagnosis, and discuss management strategies.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Mouth; Periodontal Diseases; Psoriasis
PubMed: 27035486
DOI: 10.1159/000444850 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2016Cranial kinesis of the avian beak is complex; particularly in birds with prokinetic beak movement, such as psittacine birds. A number of diseases can result in damage to... (Review)
Review
Cranial kinesis of the avian beak is complex; particularly in birds with prokinetic beak movement, such as psittacine birds. A number of diseases can result in damage to the bony and soft tissue structures of the beak and can lead to secondary pathology, such as beak deviation, abnormal rhamphothecal growth and wear, and opportunistic infections. A solid understanding of species-specific anatomic variations is essential before attempting rhamphothecal restoration or surgical repair. Many diseases of the oral cavity can appear similar on initial clinical evaluation and therefore warrant appropriate diagnostic testing.
Topics: Animals; Beak; Bird Diseases; Birds; Mouth
PubMed: 27497203
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.003 -
Pediatric Radiology Jun 2021Magnetic resonance imaging has proved to be an extraordinarily useful adjunct modality in assessment of the fetal face, oral cavity, head and neck because of its... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging has proved to be an extraordinarily useful adjunct modality in assessment of the fetal face, oral cavity, head and neck because of its soft-tissue contrast, utility for acquiring more precise planar imaging and the inherent advantage of contrast provided by fluid-filled structures, including the oropharyngeal cavity, nasal passages and vascular structures. In this review, the author presents an organized approach to assessing normal anatomical structures of the fetus. The author presents cystic and solid lesions as well as structural and developmental abnormalities and discusses potential concomitant abnormalities. Prenatal consultation, patient counseling and delivery considerations are included.
Topics: Female; Fetus; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Neck; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis
PubMed: 33978788
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04851-6 -
Oral Diseases Nov 2016The human microbiome consists of all microorganisms occupying the skin, mucous membranes and intestinal tract of the human body. The contact of the mucosal immune system... (Review)
Review
The human microbiome consists of all microorganisms occupying the skin, mucous membranes and intestinal tract of the human body. The contact of the mucosal immune system with the human microbiome is a balanced interplay between defence mechanisms of the immune system and symbiotic or pathogenic microbial factors, such as microbial antigens and metabolites. In systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, the immune system is deranged to a chronic inflammatory state and autoantibodies are an important hallmark. Specific bacteria and/or a dysbiosis in the human microbiome can lead to local mucosal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. Proinflammatory lymphocytes and cytokines can spread to the systemic circulation and increase the risk of inflammation at distant anatomical sites, such as the joints or salivary glands. Increased intestinal permeability increases antigen exposure and the risk of autoantibody production. If the human microbiome indeed plays such a critical role in SADs, this finding holds a great promise for new therapeutic strategies, such as diet interventions and probiotics and prebiotics. This review provides a background on the human microbiome and mucosal immunity in the gut and oral cavity and gives a summary of the current knowledge on the microbiome-SADs connection.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immunity; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 26953630
DOI: 10.1111/odi.12472 -
PET Clinics Apr 2022Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) plays an important role in the staging, treatment planning, treatment response assessment,... (Review)
Review
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) plays an important role in the staging, treatment planning, treatment response assessment, detecting recurrent disease, and predicting prognosis in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. PET/CT has advantage especially in the detection of nodal, distant metastatic disease and second primary malignancy. PET/MR provides superior soft tissue contrast while decreasing radiation exposure, which is advantageous in evaluation of the primary tumor.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Mouth; Neoplasm Staging; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 35256303
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2021.12.005 -
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &... Oct 2018The treatment of oral cavity cancer may impair speech and swallowing function. Optimizing posttreatment function may lead to significant improvement of quality of life. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The treatment of oral cavity cancer may impair speech and swallowing function. Optimizing posttreatment function may lead to significant improvement of quality of life.
RECENT FINDINGS
Although oncologic control remains the main goal of treatment for oral cavity cancer, posttreatment function for surviving patients has over the last decades been recognized as an important secondary outcome. Reconstruction of oral cavity defects range from primary closure to advanced microvascular reconstruction, including multiple tissue types. Free flap reconstruction has greatly enhanced the ability to tailor transferred tissue to specific defects. In this review, we describe recent findings in reconstruction of tongue defects, including data from perforator flaps. We also summarize recent evidence regarding reinnervated flaps.
SUMMARY
When vascularized tissue is needed, it remains unclear how the reconstructive choice impacts postoperative outcome, although in many situations it appears to be dominated by the donor site morbidity rather than the reconstructive technique. Despite numerous case series, the functional impact of motor and sensory reinnervation in vascularized tissue remains unknown. Although perforator flaps have emerged as a promising flap option, with favorable donor site morbidity, their ultimate impact on functional outcomes remains unclear, whereas the success rate appears to be lower than traditional flaps.
Topics: Free Tissue Flaps; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Recovery of Function
PubMed: 30024418
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000474 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2016A wide variety of disorders may be seen affecting the reptile and amphibian oral cavity. Owners can easily miss problems until they are at an advanced stage because of... (Review)
Review
A wide variety of disorders may be seen affecting the reptile and amphibian oral cavity. Owners can easily miss problems until they are at an advanced stage because of the difficulty of examining the oral cavity at home. Because many problems are secondary to an inappropriate environment or diet and may be related to systemic disease, a full history and clinical examination is always required. Treatment of oral disorders also requires a holistic approach including correction of any predisposing factors in order for long-term successful resolution of the problem.
Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Reptiles
PubMed: 27497202
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.002 -
Folia Morphologica 2022There are several types of morphea with different levels of connective tissue involvement and morphological manifestations. In this mini review, it was pointed out the... (Review)
Review
There are several types of morphea with different levels of connective tissue involvement and morphological manifestations. In this mini review, it was pointed out the most important morphological and clinical aspects of localised scleroderma in the oral cavity. The case presented in this article supports the scientific information and is described with details. The morphea of mucous membrane which was clinically suspected, was proved by histopathological examination of the sample. The unusual location of the local findings posed a diagnostic challenge. The case history should be significant due to the low number of studies. The special attention should be taken to match the clinical with pathomorphological picture in localised scleroderma diagnosis and treatment when the involvement of skin and oral mucosa is.
Topics: Humans; Mouth; Scleroderma, Localized; Skin
PubMed: 34608983
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0083