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Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Jul 2015Cancer of the oral cavity is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although early diagnosis is relatively easy, presentation with advanced disease is not... (Review)
Review
Cancer of the oral cavity is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although early diagnosis is relatively easy, presentation with advanced disease is not uncommon. The standard of care is primary surgical resection with or without postoperative adjuvant therapy. Improvements in surgical techniques combined with the routine use of postoperative radiation or chemoradiation therapy have resulted in improved survival. Successful treatment is predicated on multidisciplinary treatment strategies to maximize oncologic control and minimize impact of therapy on form and function. Prevention of oral cancer requires better education about lifestyle-related risk factors, and improved awareness and tools for early diagnosis.
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 25979396
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2015.03.006 -
International Journal of Oral Science Mar 2022Oral bacteria directly affect the disease status of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The dynamic oral microbiota cooperates with the host to reflect the... (Review)
Review
Oral bacteria directly affect the disease status of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The dynamic oral microbiota cooperates with the host to reflect the information and status of immunity and metabolism through two-way communication along the oral cavity and the systemic organs. The oral cavity is one of the most important interaction windows between the human body and the environment. The microenvironment at different sites in the oral cavity has different microbial compositions and is regulated by complex signaling, hosts, and external environmental factors. These processes may affect or reflect human health because certain health states seem to be related to the composition of oral bacteria, and the destruction of the microbial community is related to systemic diseases. In this review, we discussed emerging and exciting evidence of complex and important connections between the oral microbes and multiple human systemic diseases, and the possible contribution of the oral microorganisms to systemic diseases. This review aims to enhance the interest to oral microbes on the whole human body, and also improve clinician's understanding of the role of oral microbes in systemic diseases. Microbial research in dentistry potentially enhances our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of oral diseases, and at the same time, continuous advances in this frontier field may lead to a tangible impact on human health.
Topics: Bacteria; Dental Caries; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 35236828
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00163-7 -
Pathobiology : Journal of... 2021Oral microbiota are among the most diverse in the human body. More than 700 species have been identified in the mouth, and new sequencing methods are allowing us to... (Review)
Review
Oral microbiota are among the most diverse in the human body. More than 700 species have been identified in the mouth, and new sequencing methods are allowing us to discover even more species. The anatomy of the oral cavity is different from that of other body sites. The oral cavity has mucosal surfaces (the tongue, the buccal mucosa, the gingiva, and the palate), hard tissues (the teeth), and exocrine gland tissue (major and minor salivary glands), all of which present unique features for microbiota composition. The connection between oral microbiota and diseases of the human body has been under intensive research in the past years. Furthermore, oral microbiota have been associated with cancer development. Patients suffering from periodontitis, a common advanced gingival disease caused by bacterial dysbiosis, have a 2-5 times higher risk of acquiring any cancer compared to healthy individuals. Some oral taxa, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been shown to have carcinogenic potential by several different mechanisms. They can inhibit apoptosis, activate cell proliferation, promote cellular invasion, induce chronic inflammation, and directly produce carcinogens. These microbiota changes can already be seen with potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity. The causal relationship between microbiota and cancer is complex. It is difficult to accurately study the impact of specific bacteria on carcinoma development in humans. This review focuses on the elucidating the interactions between oral cavity bacterial microbiota and cancer. We gather literature on the current knowledge of the bacterial contribution to cancer development and the mechanisms behind it.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Inflammation; Mice; Microbiota; Mouth; Neoplasms; Periodontitis
PubMed: 33176328
DOI: 10.1159/000510979 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2021States of oral health and disease reflect the compositional and functional capacities of, as well as the interspecies interactions within, the oral microbiota. The oral... (Review)
Review
States of oral health and disease reflect the compositional and functional capacities of, as well as the interspecies interactions within, the oral microbiota. The oral cavity exists as a highly dynamic microbial environment that harbors many distinct substrata and microenvironments that house diverse microbial communities. Specific to the oral cavity, the nonshedding dental surfaces facilitate the development of highly complex polymicrobial biofilm communities, characterized not only by the distinct microbes comprising them, but cumulatively by their activities. Adding to this complexity, the oral cavity faces near-constant environmental challenges, including those from host diet, salivary flow, masticatory forces, and introduction of exogenous microbes. The composition of the oral microbiome is shaped throughout life by factors including host genetics, maternal transmission, as well as environmental factors, such as dietary habits, oral hygiene practice, medications, and systemic factors. This dynamic ecosystem presents opportunities for oral microbial dysbiosis and the development of dental and periodontal diseases. The application of both in vitro and culture-independent approaches has broadened the mechanistic understandings of complex polymicrobial communities within the oral cavity, as well as the environmental, local, and systemic underpinnings that influence the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Here, we review the present knowledge and current understanding of microbial communities within the oral cavity and the influences and challenges upon this system that encourage homeostasis or provoke microbiome perturbation, and thus contribute to states of oral health or disease.
Topics: Dysbiosis; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 34463991
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12393 -
Protein & Cell May 2018Microbes appear in every corner of human life, and microbes affect every aspect of human life. The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats. Synergy and... (Review)
Review
Microbes appear in every corner of human life, and microbes affect every aspect of human life. The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats. Synergy and interaction of variable oral microorganisms help human body against invasion of undesirable stimulation outside. However, imbalance of microbial flora contributes to oral diseases and systemic diseases. Oral microbiomes play an important role in the human microbial community and human health. The use of recently developed molecular methods has greatly expanded our knowledge of the composition and function of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Studies in oral microbiomes and their interactions with microbiomes in variable body sites and variable health condition are critical in our cognition of our body and how to make effect on human health improvement.
Topics: Human Body; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 29736705
DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0548-1 -
Virulence 2015Increased awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiological cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has increased the interest in analysis of distinct... (Review)
Review
Increased awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiological cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has increased the interest in analysis of distinct oral sub-sites. It is currently under debate, whether HPV plays a role in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC). The weakness in most published studies is the lack of performing different HPV detection tests combined with analysis for biological activity of the virus. In addition, different sub-sites of the oral cavity had been combined to a single entity, which retrospectively leads to a highly heterogeneous basis of data. In this review we mainly discuss the unclear role of HPV in OSCC development.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; DNA, Viral; Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25654476
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.999570 -
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019Ulcerated lesions of the oral cavity have many underlying etiologic factors, most commonly infection, immune related, traumatic, or neoplastic. A detailed patient... (Review)
Review
Ulcerated lesions of the oral cavity have many underlying etiologic factors, most commonly infection, immune related, traumatic, or neoplastic. A detailed patient history is critical in assessing ulcerative oral lesions and should include a complete medical and medication history; whether an inciting or triggering trauma, condition, or medication can be identified; the length of time the lesion has been present; the frequency of episodes in recurrent cases; the presence or absence of pain; and the growth of the lesion over time. For multiple or recurrent lesions the presence or history of ulcers on the skin, genital areas, or eyes should be evaluated along with any accompanying systemic symptoms such as fever, arthritis, or other signs of underlying systemic disease. Biopsy may be indicated in many ulcerative lesions of the oral cavity although some are more suitable for clinical diagnosis. Neoplastic ulcerated lesions are notorious in the oral cavity for their ability to mimic benign ulcerative lesions, highlighting the essential nature of biopsy to establish a diagnosis in cases that are not clinically identifiable or do not respond as expected to treatment. Adjunctive tests may be required for final diagnosis of some ulcerated lesions especially autoimmune lesions. Laboratory tests or evaluation to rule out systemic disease may be also required for recurrent or severe ulcerations especially when accompanied by other symptoms. This discussion will describe the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of a variety of ulcerated lesions found in the oral cavity.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer
PubMed: 30701449
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0981-8 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Feb 2024The human oral microbiota is highly diverse and has a complex ecology, comprising bacteria, microeukaryotes, archaea and viruses. These communities have elaborate and... (Review)
Review
The human oral microbiota is highly diverse and has a complex ecology, comprising bacteria, microeukaryotes, archaea and viruses. These communities have elaborate and highly structured biogeography that shapes metabolic exchange on a local scale and results from the diverse microenvironments present in the oral cavity. The oral microbiota also interfaces with the immune system of the human host and has an important role in not only the health of the oral cavity but also systemic health. In this Review, we highlight recent advances including novel insights into the biogeography of several oral niches at the species level, as well as the ecological role of candidate phyla radiation bacteria and non-bacterial members of the oral microbiome. In addition, we summarize the relationship between the oral microbiota and the pathology of oral diseases and systemic diseases. Together, these advances move the field towards a more holistic understanding of the oral microbiota and its role in health, which in turn opens the door to the study of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Bacteria; Archaea; Viruses
PubMed: 37700024
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00963-6 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022() is transmitted primarily through the oral-oral route and fecal-oral route. The oral cavity had therefore been hypothesized as an extragastric reservoir of , owing to... (Review)
Review
() is transmitted primarily through the oral-oral route and fecal-oral route. The oral cavity had therefore been hypothesized as an extragastric reservoir of , owing to the presence of DNA and particular antigens in distinct niches of the oral cavity. This bacterium in the oral cavity may contribute to the progression of periodontitis and is associated with a variety of oral diseases, gastric eradication failure, and reinfection. However, the conditions in the oral cavity do not appear to be ideal for survival, and little is known about its biological function in the oral cavity. It is critical to clarify the survival strategies of to better comprehend the role and function of this bacterium in the oral cavity. In this review, we attempt to analyze the evidence indicating the existence of living oral , as well as potential survival strategies, including the formation of a favorable microenvironment, the interaction between and oral microorganisms, and the transition to a non-growing state. Further research on oral is necessary to develop improved therapies for the prevention and treatment of infection.
Topics: Humans; Helicobacter pylori; Helicobacter Infections; Mouth; Stomach; Periodontitis
PubMed: 36362445
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113646 -
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causative of a group of clinically papillary lesions. The HPV-related lesions of the oral cavity include squamous papilloma, condyloma... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causative of a group of clinically papillary lesions. The HPV-related lesions of the oral cavity include squamous papilloma, condyloma acuminatum, verruca vulgaris, and multifocal epithelial hyperplasia. Benign entities, such as verruciform xanthoma or giant cell fibroma, as well as malignancies, such as papillary squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma, may be considered in the clinical and/or histologic differential diagnoses of these lesions. Mechanisms of infection, epidemiology, clinical presentations, histologic features, and differential diagnoses of the HPV-related oral pathologies are discussed. Current concepts of viral transmission, especially as pertaining to lesions in pediatric patients, and the impacts of HPV vaccination are reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 30693456
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01003-7