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Food Science & Nutrition Mar 2022This study updates the mycobiota resident in groundnut seeds, their phenology during storage with the view to ascertain their occurrence, potential toxigenic species,...
This study updates the mycobiota resident in groundnut seeds, their phenology during storage with the view to ascertain their occurrence, potential toxigenic species, and pathologically important species in the stored samples. The moisture content of the seeds ranged from 5.7% to 6.5% within the stipulated safe moisture content of 8% for extension of shelf life. Culturing the seeds on mycological media (Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar SDA; Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract OGYE, Potato Dextrose Agar, PDA) caused a de novo growth of the quiescent spores at 28-30°C for 7-14 days. Fungal population counts on the three media ranged from 2.01 to 2.16 log CFU/g samples to a final 6-month count of 1.67-2.60 log CFU/g. Eighteen different fungal species belonging to ten genera were encountered on the media, namely , and . . (, and were the most frequently isolated, followed by , and and and , and . The species which were seed borne , and were isolated on both surface sterilized and non-surface sterilized seeds. The phenology of the encountered fungal species generally followed five patterns. The most frequently isolated , and predominated throughout the 6 months sampling period, while and appeared sporadically and disappeared. The early colonizers (, and ) could not be isolated after 2-3 months owing presumably to stronger antibiosis competition from the species. The most predominant species initially constituted 36%-48% of the total population but declined to 10%-36% in 6 months. Mycobiota encountered with mycotoxigenic potential and human health importance were , and . Other species of pathological importance to plants were and . The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
PubMed: 35311164
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2719 -
Nutrients Jul 2022, a fungal strain isolated from natural , contains similar pharmacologically active components, has been used widely as a substitute of in functional food and medicine....
, a fungal strain isolated from natural , contains similar pharmacologically active components, has been used widely as a substitute of in functional food and medicine. However, the components and anti-fatigue effects of spores and their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we compared the chemical composition in spore (HPS) and mycelium (HPM) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We found 85 metabolites with significant differences, and HPS contains more L-Malic acid, Oxalacetic acid, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and L-Arginine than HPM. Then we evaluated their anti-fatigue effects and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota in mice. The forced swimming time (SW) was only significantly increased in HPS groups: the high and low dose of the HPS group was 101% and 72% longer than the control group, respectively. Both HPS and HPM treatment decreased lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase while increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the blood. Moreover, mice treated with HPS and HPM showed less skeletal muscle fiber spacing and breakage. The relative abundance of , , , , and in the gut microbiota of the HPS group was higher than that in the HPM group through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. These changes may be related to the regulation of nucleotide, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Correlation analysis between the gut microbiota and fatigue-related indicators suggested that , , , , and were positively correlated with the SW and LDH content. Our findings demonstrated that HPS has beneficial anti-fatigue effects by regulating gut microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Paecilomyces; Powders; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spores
PubMed: 35889929
DOI: 10.3390/nu14142973 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2022This study investigated the supramolecular structure features and immunomodulatory effects of two exopolysaccharide fractions (EPS1 and EPS2) from Paecilomyces cicada...
Supramolecular structure features and immunomodulatory effects of exopolysaccharide from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 in RAW264.7 cells through NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
This study investigated the supramolecular structure features and immunomodulatory effects of two exopolysaccharide fractions (EPS1 and EPS2) from Paecilomyces cicada TJJ1213 in vitro. AFM images revealed that EPS1 and EPS2 displayed different morphological features at different concentrations. Congo red and XRD assay further proved that EPS1 and EPS2 mainly exhibited amorphous structure with random coil conformation in solution. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effect of EPSs was investigated on RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that EPS1 and EPS2 could enhance the phagocytic activity and induce the NO production and could also significantly up-regulate the mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-4. Western blot assay analysis demonstrated that EPSs increased protein expression of TLR4 and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65. Additionally, the phosphorylation levels of MAPKs proteins (p38, ERK and JNK) were also remarkably increased. Thus, EPSs could active TLR4-NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways to exert the immunomodulatory effect on macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Cordyceps; Lipopolysaccharides; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; NF-kappa B; RAW 264.7 Cells; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 35278511
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.029 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021The genus is known for its potential application in the control of pests and diseases; however, its use in agriculture is limited to few species. Research interest in...
The genus is known for its potential application in the control of pests and diseases; however, its use in agriculture is limited to few species. Research interest in new formulations based on microorganisms for the control of pathogens is growing exponentially; therefore, it is necessary to study new isolates, which may help control diseases effectively, and to examine their compatibility with established agricultural control methods. We analysed in vitro and in vivo the antagonistic capacity of against seven phytopathogens with a high incidence in different crops, and we examined its compatibility with 24 commercial fungicides. was applied in the following pathosystems: melon, pepper, -tomato, zucchini, melon, -melon, and zucchini. The results showed strong control effects on and , reducing the disease severity index by 78% and 76%, respectively. The reduction in disease severity in the other pathosystems ranged from 29% to 44%. However, application of metabolites alone did not cause any significant effect on mycelial growth of phytopathogens, apart from , in which up to 12% inhibition was observed in vitro when the extract was applied at a concentration of 15% in the medium. was compatible with most of the tested fungicides, and of the 24 fungicides tested at the maximum authorised dose, 6 acted as fungicides, 4 as fungistatics, and the remaining showed inhibition rates ranging from 18.2% to 95.8%. These results indicate that is a potential biological control agent to be used against several aerial and soil diseases, thus it should be integrated into modern pest management strategies.
PubMed: 34073454
DOI: 10.3390/jof7060415 -
Archives of Microbiology Jan 2023Crude oil pollution is one of the most arduous issues to address, as it is hazardous to both public health and the environment. The discovery of novel...
Crude oil pollution is one of the most arduous issues to address, as it is hazardous to both public health and the environment. The discovery of novel biosurfactants-producing fungi and bacteria is in high demand due to their excellent properties and wide range of applications. The aim of this research is to isolate a powerful biosurfactant-producing fungus from the crude oil site near Barauni oil refinery in Bihar, India. Standard protocols were used to collect samples from the site. An integrative taxonomic approach was used, which included morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis. The use of plating samples on Bushnell-Hass (BH) media aided in the isolation of a fungal strain from an enrichment culture. Two fungal strains isolated from contaminated soils, Penicillium citrinum and Paecilomyces variotti, showed potent oil degrading activity in a single culture. For preliminary biosurfactants screening, drop collapse assays, oil spreading, and emulsification activity tests were used. The results showed that the cultures performed well in the screening test and were further evaluated for degradation capacity. Different treatment periods (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) were used to observe degradation in single cultures. A steady drop in pH, an alteration in optical density and an increase in carbon dioxide release showed the ability of fungal strain to degrade the crude oil in a single culture. Fungi mycelia provide a larger surface area for absorption and degradation of the pollutants in contaminated environment. They produce extracellular enzymes to degrade the oil, and at the same time absorb and utilise carbon, allowing them to remove toxic substances from the oil. Thus, they could be candidates for bioremediation of a hydrocarbon-contaminated site.
Topics: Phylogeny; Eurotiales; Biodegradation, Environmental; Petroleum; Hydrocarbons
PubMed: 36598589
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03383-x -
Journal of Industrial Microbiology &... Nov 2014Fungi rarely cause disease outbreaks associated with use of microbe-contaminated drugs. These rare episodes typically involve a restricted spectrum of common... (Review)
Review
Fungi rarely cause disease outbreaks associated with use of microbe-contaminated drugs. These rare episodes typically involve a restricted spectrum of common environmental species with relatively low virulence, rather than classical pathogens. Review of data involving over-the-counter contact lens solutions and prescription drug-related recalls revealed six episodes during the past decade with significant adverse health and financial impact (including loss of vision and death). Contaminations involved fungi mostly identified with the genera Aspergillus, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Rhizopus. These organisms are noted for their capacity to produce resistant morphotypes (chlamydoconidia, ascospores) under various adverse conditions, generally with temperature survival/tolerances markedly in excess of maximal growth temperatures. High constituent levels of melanin, trehalose and heat-shock proteins facilitate differential survival of morphotypes following exposures to toxic chemicals and temperatures above 80 °C. Adverse environmental factors that induce resistant morphotypes are suggested to occur more readily in situ than during in vitro testing. Rare unexplained, sporadic drug contamination episodes with select thermotolerant fungi may relate, in part, to resistant dormant stages.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Drug Contamination; Drug Recalls; Fungi; Humans; Mycoses; Rare Diseases; Temperature
PubMed: 25173741
DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1503-7 -
Fitoterapia Apr 2023A new hybrid sorbicillinoid named paeciureallin (1) and a new monomeric sorbicillinoid named paecillyketide (2), along with six known analogues (3-8), were isolated from...
A new hybrid sorbicillinoid named paeciureallin (1) and a new monomeric sorbicillinoid named paecillyketide (2), along with six known analogues (3-8), were isolated from the rhizospheric soil-derived fungus Paecilomyces sp. KMU21009 associated with Delphinium yunnanense. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature values. Paeciureallin (1) is the first example of hybrid sorbicillinoids possessing a rare sorbicillinoid urea unit and containing a β-D-ribofuranose functionality. In pharmacological studies, compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for in vitro anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Paeciureallin (1) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against SW480 and A549 cell lines, and the IC values were 32.0 ± 0.1 and 34.4 ± 2.0 μM, respectively.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Paecilomyces; Antineoplastic Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 36736743
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105443 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Oct 2022There is no standardized process for utilization of periodic acid-Schiff during intraoperative frozen sections to identify fungal organisms.
CONTEXT.—
There is no standardized process for utilization of periodic acid-Schiff during intraoperative frozen sections to identify fungal organisms.
OBJECTIVE.—
To develop a rapid staining process for fresh tissue with periodic acid-Schiff during intraoperative consultation and develop an appropriate control block.
DESIGN.—
Muscle tissue was inoculated with 2 species of fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces spp) and grown at 3 different temperatures for 72 hours. Inoculated tissue was embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound, cut, and stained using a modified periodic acid-Schiff stain. The optimal control was determined for future use as the standard control. Multiple control slides were cut and stained, using successively shorter time intervals for each step. The staining process that provided accurate results in the shortest amount of time was deemed ultra-rapid periodic acid-Schiff. This method was validated by carryover studies and clinical specimens.
RESULTS.—
Paecilomyces spp incubated at 30°C for 72 hours was the most optimal positive control, with numerous yeast and hyphal forms. The fastest staining process involved 2 minutes of periodic acid and Schiff reagent and 10 dips of light green solution. Tap water was as effective as distilled water. Validation was successfully achieved. Clinical cases all stained identical to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Ultra-rapid periodic acid-Schiff provides fast and reliable identification of fungal organisms on fresh tissue. Development of a concurrent positive control allows for quality control and validation.
Topics: Coloring Agents; Eosine Yellowish-(YS); Formaldehyde; Frozen Sections; Fungi; Hematoxylin; Humans; Methyl Green; Periodic Acid; Staining and Labeling; Water
PubMed: 35104313
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0273-OA -
Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica Jun 2024Biological control of pests and pathogens has attracted much attention due to its green, safe and effective characteristics. However, it faces the dilemma of... (Review)
Review
Biological control of pests and pathogens has attracted much attention due to its green, safe and effective characteristics. However, it faces the dilemma of insignificant effects in large-scale applications. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the metabolic potential of biocontrol fungi based on big omics data is crucial for a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the specific modes of action operated by various biocontrol fungi. This article analyzes the preferences for extracellular carbon and nitrogen source degradation, secondary metabolites (nonribosomal peptides, polyketide synthases) and their product characteristics and the conversion relationship between extracellular primary metabolism and intracellular secondary metabolism for eight different filamentous fungi with characteristics appropriate for the biological control of bacterial pathogens and phytopathogenic nematodes. Further clarification is provided that , encoding a large number of hydrolase enzymes capable of degrading pathogen protection barrier, can be directly applied in the field as a predatory biocontrol fungus, whereas , as an antibiosis-active biocontrol control fungus, can form dominant strains on preferred substrates and produce a large number of secondary metabolites to achieve antibacterial effects. By clarifying the levels of biological control achievable by different biocontrol fungi, we provide a theoretical foundation for their application to cropping habitats.
Topics: Fungi; Secondary Metabolism; Carbon; Biological Control Agents; Pest Control, Biological; Nitrogen; Animals; Metabolomics
PubMed: 38686460
DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024056 -
Doklady Biological Sciences :... Dec 2022Potential to produce inducible enzymes (several hydrolases and oxidases) and antibiotics as secondary metabolites was studied in soil micromycete strains from the Arctic...
Potential to produce inducible enzymes (several hydrolases and oxidases) and antibiotics as secondary metabolites was studied in soil micromycete strains from the Arctic (Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya) and Antarctica (the oases Thala Hills, Larsemann Hills, Schirmacher, and Marie Byrd Land). Maximal esterase activity was observed in strains of two typical Antarctic species, Hyphozyma variabilis 218 and Thelebolus ellipsoideus 210 (51 and 29 nmol FDA/((g mycelium h), respectively). Cellulolytic activity was maximal (89 µmol glucose/mg biomass) in Ascochyta pisi 192. Extracellular phenol oxidase (laccase) and peroxidase activities were not detected in the strains examined. Antibacterial activity toward Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was observed in 75% of the Antarctic micromycete strains. Higher-activity strains were isolated from organic-rich moist habitats with a moss or lichen cover. Maximal activities were displayed by Paecilomyces marquandii 166, Penicillium janczewskii 165, Penicillium roseopurpureum 169, and Thelebolus ellipsoideus 210. Antagonistic activity toward Antarctic bacterial strains was shown by 77% of the microfungal strains examined. Maximal inhibition was observed with strains of the typical Antarctic species Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus MT303855 and the eurytopic species Sarocladium kiliense MT303856. Antimycotic activity was observed in 42% of the strains. Both activities were detected in 38% of the Antarctic strains.
Topics: Soil; Ecosystem; Anti-Infective Agents; Antarctic Regions
PubMed: 36781534
DOI: 10.1134/S0012496622060151