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Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang... Apr 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Humans; Pancreas; Pancreatic Function Tests; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33843611
DOI: 10.12809/hkmj209056 -
Cardiovascular Research Aug 2020
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Coxsackievirus Infections; Mice; Myocarditis; Pancreas; Virulence
PubMed: 32167527
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa057 -
Cells Jan 2023The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, rapidly spread worldwide, causing an ongoing global pandemic. While the respiratory system is the most common site of infection, a... (Review)
Review
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, rapidly spread worldwide, causing an ongoing global pandemic. While the respiratory system is the most common site of infection, a significant number of reported cases indicate gastrointestinal (GI) involvement. GI symptoms include anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Although the mechanisms of GI pathogenesis are still being examined, viral components isolated from stool samples of infected patients suggest a potential fecal-oral transmission route. In addition, viral RNA has been detected in blood samples of infected patients, making hematologic dissemination of the virus a proposed route for GI involvement. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors serve as the cellular entry mechanism for the virus, and these receptors are particularly abundant throughout the GI tract, making the intestine, liver, and pancreas potential extrapulmonary sites for infection and reservoirs sites for developing mutations and new variants that contribute to the uncontrolled spread of the disease and resistance to treatments. This transmission mechanism and the dysregulation of the immune system play a significant role in the profound inflammatory and coagulative cascades that contribute to the increased severity and risk of death in several COVID-19 patients. This article reviews various potential mechanisms of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic injury.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Liver; Intestines; Pancreas
PubMed: 36672197
DOI: 10.3390/cells12020262 -
JCI Insight Aug 2021Evidence suggests an association between severe acute respiratory syndrome-cornavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the occurrence of new-onset diabetes. We examined...
Evidence suggests an association between severe acute respiratory syndrome-cornavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the occurrence of new-onset diabetes. We examined pancreatic expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), the cell entry factors for SARS-CoV-2, using publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data sets, and pancreatic tissue from control male and female nonhuman primates (NHPs) and humans. We also examined SARS-CoV-2 immunolocalization in pancreatic cells of SARS-CoV-2-infected NHPs and patients who had died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report expression of ACE2 in pancreatic islet, ductal, and endothelial cells in NHPs and humans. In pancreata from SARS-CoV-2-infected NHPs and COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 infected ductal, endothelial, and islet cells. These pancreata also exhibited generalized fibrosis associated with multiple vascular thrombi. Two out of 8 NHPs developed new-onset diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Two out of 5 COVID-19 patients exhibited new-onset diabetes at admission. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas may promote acute and especially chronic pancreatic dysfunction that could potentially lead to new-onset diabetes.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; COVID-19; Chlorocebus aethiops; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Fibrosis; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pancreas; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Thrombosis
PubMed: 34241597
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151551 -
Function (Oxford, England) 2021
Topics: Humans; Bradykinin; COVID-19; Pancreatitis; Pancreas
PubMed: 34642664
DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab046 -
Current Diabetes Reports Oct 2018We provide an overview of pancreas pathology in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the context of its clinical stages. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
We provide an overview of pancreas pathology in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the context of its clinical stages.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent studies of pancreata from organ donors with T1D and non-diabetic donors expressing T1D-associated autoantibodies reveal pathological changes/disease mechanisms beyond the well-known loss of β cells and lymphocytic infiltrates of the islets (insulitis), including β-cell stress, dysfunction, and viral infections. Pancreas pathology evolves through disease stages, is asynchronous, and demonstrates a chronic disease that remains active years after diagnosis. Critically, β-cell loss is not complete at onset, although young age is associated with increased severity. The recognition of multiple pathogenic alterations and the chronic nature of disease mechanisms during and after the development of T1D inform improved clinical trial design and reveal additional targets for therapeutic manipulation, in the context of an expanded time window for intervention.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Islets of Langerhans; Pancreas
PubMed: 30293191
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1084-3 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Mar 2023An association between acute pancreatitis (AP) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been proposed but the mechanisms of pancreatic injury of the severe acute... (Review)
Review
An association between acute pancreatitis (AP) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been proposed but the mechanisms of pancreatic injury of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the implicative role on the development of AP are not yet fully understood. COVID-19 also imposed major challenges on pancreatic cancer management. We conducted an analysis on the mechanisms of pancreatic injury by SARS-CoV-2 and reviewed published case reports of AP attributed to COVID-19. We also examined the pandemic effect on pancreatic cancer diagnosis and management, including pancreatic surgery.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pancreatitis; Acute Disease; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 36813429
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2022.12.002 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Mar 2023Among the environmental factors associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), viral infections of the gut and pancreas has been investigated most intensely, identifying... (Review)
Review
Among the environmental factors associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), viral infections of the gut and pancreas has been investigated most intensely, identifying enterovirus infections as the prime candidate trigger of islet autoimmunity (IA) and T1D development. However, the association between respiratory tract infections (RTI) and IA/T1D is comparatively less known. While there are significant amounts of epidemiological evidence supporting the role of respiratory infections in T1D, there remains a paucity of data characterising infectious agents at the molecular level. This gap in the literature precludes the identification of the specific infectious agents driving the association between RTI and T1D. Furthermore, the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections on the development of IA/T1D remains undeciphered. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence to date, implicating RTIs (viral and non-viral) as potential risk factors for IA/T1D.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Islets of Langerhans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 36790804
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2429 -
The National Medical Journal of India 2021Tuberculosis (TB) of pancreas is a rare presentation in both immune-competent and immune-suppressed patients. Its presenting clinical features are usually vague and...
Tuberculosis (TB) of pancreas is a rare presentation in both immune-competent and immune-suppressed patients. Its presenting clinical features are usually vague and non-specific, while radiological features mimic other common pancreatic conditions such as malignancy, so it is often misdiagnosed. It commonly involves the head and the uncinate process of the pancreas. We report a middle-aged immune-compromised man who presented with left-sided tubercular pleural effusion and later was diagnosed as pancreatitis by clinical presentation and TB of pancreas on computed tomography of the abdomen.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Pleural Effusion; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 34599118
DOI: 10.4103/0970-258X.326765 -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2023Due to the importance of control and prevention of COVID-19-correlated long-term symptoms, the present review article has summarized what has been currently known... (Review)
Review
Due to the importance of control and prevention of COVID-19-correlated long-term symptoms, the present review article has summarized what has been currently known regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms linking COVID-19 to important long-term complications including psychological complications, liver and gastrointestinal manifestations, oral signs as well as even diabetes. COVID-19 can directly affect the body cells through their Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) to induce inflammatory responses and cytokine storm. The cytokines cause the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently initiate and promote cell injuries. Another way, COVID-19-associated dysbiosis may be involved in GI pathogenesis. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 reduces butyrate-secreting bacteria and leads to the induction of hyperinflammation. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress induces de novo lipogenesis in hepatocytes, which leads to hepatic steatosis and inhibits autophagy via increasing mTOR. In pancreas tissue, the virus damages beta-cells and impairs insulin secretion. SARS-COV-2 may change the ACE2 activity by modifying ANGII levels in taste buds which leads to gustatory dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 infection and its resulting stress can lead to severe inflammation that can subsequently alter neurotransmitter signals. This, in turn, negatively affects the structure of neurons and leads to mood and anxiety disorders. In conclusion, all the pathways mentioned earlier can play a crucial role in the disease's pathogenesis and related comorbidities. However, more studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis of the new coming virus.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Liver; Pancreas
PubMed: 36397624
DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666221116154907